Engineered glucosyltransferases

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are glucosyltransferases with modified amino acid sequences. Such engineered enzymes exhibit improved alpha-glucan product yields and/or lower leucrose yields, for example. Further disclosed are reactions and methods in which engineered glucosyltransferases are used to produce alpha-glucan.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/557,840 (filed Sep. 13, 2017), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure is in the field of enzyme catalysis. For example, the disclosure pertains to glucosyltransferase enzymes with modified amino acid sequences. Such modified enzymes have improved product yield properties, for example.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The official copy of the sequence listing is submitted electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file named 20180911_CL6613USNP_SequenceListing_ST25 created on Sep. 11, 2018, and having a size of about 406 kilobytes and is filed concurrently with the specification. The sequence listing contained in this ASCII-formatted document is part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Driven by a desire to use polysaccharides in various applications, researchers have explored for polysaccharides that are biodegradable and that can be made economically from renewably sourced feedstocks. One such polysaccharide is alpha-1,3-glucan, an insoluble glucan polymer characterized by having alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkages. This polymer has been prepared, for example, using a glucosyltransferase enzyme isolated from Streptococcus salivarius (Simpson et al., Microbiology 141:1451-1460, 1995). Also for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,000,000 disclosed the preparation of a spun fiber from enzymatically produced alpha-1,3-glucan. Various other glucan materials have also been studied for developing new or enhanced applications. For example, U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2015/0232819 discloses enzymatic synthesis of several insoluble glucans having mixed alpha-1,3 and -1,6 linkages.

While these and other advances have been made in producing glucan polymers using glucosyltransferase enzymes, less attention appears to have been drawn to improving the glucan yields of such enzymes. Addressing this technological gap, disclosed herein are glucosyltransferases engineered to have modified amino acid sequences endowing these enzymes with enhanced glucan production properties.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the present disclosure concerns a non-native glucosyltransferase comprising at least two amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607, or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase synthesizes alpha-glucan comprising 1,3-linkages, and wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase has: (i) an alpha-glucan yield that is higher than the alpha-glucan yield of a second glucosyltransferase that only differs from the non-native glucosyltransferase at the substitution positions, and/or (ii) a leucrose yield that is lower than the leucrose yield of the second glucosyltransferase.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure concerns a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase as presently disclosed, optionally wherein one or more regulatory sequences are operably linked to the nucleotide sequence, and preferably wherein the one or more regulatory sequences include a promoter sequence.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure concerns a reaction composition comprising water, sucrose, and a non-native glucosyltransferase as presently disclosed.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure concerns a method of producing alpha-glucan comprising: (a) contacting at least water, sucrose, and a non-native glucosyltransferase enzyme as presently disclosed, whereby alpha-glucan is produced; and b) optionally, isolating the alpha-glucan produced in step (a).

In another embodiment, the present disclosure concerns a method of preparing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase, the method comprising: (a) identifying a polynucleotide sequence encoding a parent glucosyltransferase that (i) comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least about 40% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 or positions 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4, and (ii) synthesizes alpha-glucan comprising 1,3-linkages; and (b) modifying the polynucleotide sequence identified in step (a) to substitute at least two amino acids of the parent glucosyltransferase at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607 or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, thereby providing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase that has: (i) an alpha-glucan yield that is higher than the alpha-glucan yield of the parent glucosyltransferase, and/or (ii) a leucrose yield that is lower than the leucrose yield of the parent glucosyltransferase.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

TABLE 1 Summary of Nucleic Acid and Protein SEQ ID Numbers^(b) Nucleic acid Protein Description SEQ ID NO. SEQ ID NO. GTF 0874, Streptococcus sobrinus. The first 156 amino acids  1^(a)  2 of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1435 aa) Identification No. 450874; a start methionine is included. GTF 6855, Streptococcus salivarius SK126. The first 178  3^(a)  4 amino acids of the protein are deleted compared to (1341 aa) GENBANK Identification No. 228476855 (Acc. No. ZP_04061500.1); a start methionine is included. GTF 2379, Streptococcus salivarius. The first 203 amino  5^(a)  6 acids of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1247 aa) Identification No. 662379; a start methionine is included. GTF 7527 or GTFJ, Streptococcus salivarius. The first 42  7^(a)  8 amino acids of the protein are deleted compared to (1477 aa) GENBANK Identification No. 47527; a start methionine is included. GTF 1724, Streptococcus downei. The first 162 amino acids  9^(a) 10 of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1436 aa) Identification No. 121724; a start methionine is included. GTF 0544, Streptococcus mutans. The first 164 amino acids 11^(a) 12 of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1313 aa) Identification No. 290580544; a start methionine is included. GTF 5926, Streptococcus dentirousetti. The first 144 amino 13^(a) 14 acids of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1323 aa) Identification No. 167735926; a start methionine is included. GTF 4297, Streptococcus oralis. The first 228 amino acids of 15^(a) 16 the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK Identification (1348 aa) No. 7684297; a start methionine is included. GTF 5618, Streptococcus sanguinis. The first 223 amino 17^(a) 18 acids of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1348 aa) Identification No. 328945618; a start methionine is included. GTF 2765, unknown Streptococcus sp. C150. The first 193 19^(a) 20 amino acids of the protein are deleted compared to (1340 aa) GENBANK Identification No. 322372765; a start methionine is included. GTF 0427, Streptococcus sobrinus. The first 156 amino acids 25^(a) 26 of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1435 aa) Identification No. 940427; a start methionine is included. GTF 2919, Streptococcus salivarius PS4. The first 92 amino 27^(a) 28 acids of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1340 aa) Identification No. 383282919; a start methionine is included. GTF 2678, Streptococcus salivarius K12. The first 188 amino 29^(a) 30 acids of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1341 aa) Identification No. 400182678; a start methionine is included. GTF 3929, Streptococcus salivarius JIM8777. The first 178 33^(a) 34 amino acids of the protein are deleted compared to (1341 aa) GENBANK Identification No. 387783929; a start methionine is included. GTF 3298, Streptococcus sp. C150. The first 209 amino 59 acids of the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK (1242 aa) Identification No. 322373298; a start methionine is included. Wild type GTFJ, Streptococcus salivarius. GENBANK 60 Identification No. 47527. (1518 aa) Wild type GTF corresponding to GTF 2678, Streptococcus 61 salivarius K12. (1528 aa) Wild type GTF corresponding to GTF 6855, Streptococcus 62 salivarius SK126. (1518 aa) Wild type GTF corresponding to GTF 2919, Streptococcus 63 salivarius PS4. (1431 aa) Wild type GTF corresponding to GTF 2765, unknown 64 Streptococcus sp. C150. (1532 aa) Shorter version of GTF 7527, Streptococcus salivarius, (also 65 referred to as “7527-NT” herein. The first 178 amino acids of (1341 aa) the protein are deleted compared to GENBANK Identification No. 47527; a start methionine is included. Terminator sequence added to pHY300PLK to derive the 67 pHYT vector. Aclglu1 alpha-glucosidase. 68  (971 aa) Nfiglu1 alpha-glucosidase. 69  (969 aa) Ncrglu1 alpha-glucosidase. 70 (1022 aa) TauSec098_b alpha-glucosidase. 71 (1012 aa) TauSec098_c alpha-glucosidase. 72  (984 aa) TauSec098_d alpha-glucosidase. 73  (984 aa) TauSec099 alpha-glucosidase. 74  (973 aa) BloGlu1 alpha-glucosidase. 75  (604 aa) BloGlu2 alpha-glucosidase. 76  (604 aa) BloGlu3 alpha-glucosidase. 77  (604 aa) BpsGlu1 alpha-glucosidase. 78  (585 aa) BthGlu1 alpha-glucosidase. 79  (601 aa) BbrGlu2 alpha-glucosidase. 80  (662 aa) BbrGlu5 alpha-glucosidase. 81  (606 aa) ^(a)This DNA coding sequence is codon-optimized for expression in E. coli and is merely disclosed as an example of a suitable coding sequence. ^(b)SEQ ID NOs: 21-24, 31, 32, 35-58 and 66 are intentionally not included in this table and merely serve as placeholders.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosures of all cited patent and non-patent literature are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Unless otherwise disclosed, the terms “a” and “an” as used herein are intended to encompass one or more (i.e., at least one) of a referenced feature.

Where present, all ranges are inclusive and combinable, except as otherwise noted. For example, when a range of “1 to 5” is recited, the recited range should be construed as including ranges “1 to 4”, “1 to 3”, “1-2”, “1-2 & 4-5”, “1-3 & 5”, and the like.

The terms “alpha-glucan”, “alpha-glucan polymer” and the like are used interchangeably herein. An alpha-glucan is a polymer comprising glucose monomeric units linked together by alpha-glycosidic linkages. In typical embodiments, an alpha-glucan herein comprises at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% alpha-glycosidic linkages. Examples of alpha-glucan polymers herein include alpha-1,3-glucan.

The terms “poly alpha-1,3-glucan”, “alpha-1,3-glucan”, “alpha-1,3-glucan polymer” and the like are used interchangeably herein. Alpha-1,3-glucan is a polymer comprising glucose monomeric units linked together by glycosidic linkages, typically wherein at least about 50% of the glycosidic linkages are alpha-1,3. Alpha-1,3-glucan in certain embodiments comprises at least 90% or 95% alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkages. Most or all of the other linkages in alpha-1,3-glucan herein typically are alpha-1,6, though some linkages may also be alpha-1,2 and/or alpha-1,4.

The terms “glycosidic linkage”, “glycosidic bond”, “linkage” and the like are used interchangeably herein and refer to the covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group such as another carbohydrate. The term “alpha-1,3-glycosidic linkage” as used herein refers to the type of covalent bond that joins alpha-D-glucose molecules to each other through carbons 1 and 3 on adjacent alpha-D-glucose rings. The term “alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkage” as used herein refers to the covalent bond that joins alpha-D-glucose molecules to each other through carbons 1 and 6 on adjacent alpha-D-glucose rings. The glycosidic linkages of a glucan polymer herein can also be referred to as “glucosidic linkages”. Herein, “alpha-D-glucose” will be referred to as “glucose”.

The glycosidic linkage profile of an alpha-glucan herein can be determined using any method known in the art. For example, a linkage profile can be determined using methods using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (e.g., ¹³C NMR or ¹H NMR). These and other methods that can be used are disclosed in, for example, Food Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Physical Properties, and Applications (S. W. Cui, Ed., Chapter 3, S. W. Cui, Structural Analysis of Polysaccharides, Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, Fla., 2005), which is incorporated herein by reference.

The “molecular weight” of large alpha-glucan polymers herein can be represented as weight-average molecular weight (Mw) or number-average molecular weight (Mn), the units of which are in Daltons or grams/mole. Alternatively, the molecular weight of large alpha-glucan polymers can be represented as DP_(w) (weight average degree of polymerization) or DP_(n) (number average degree of polymerization). The molecular weight of smaller alpha-glucan polymers such as oligosaccharides typically can be provided as “DP” (degree of polymerization), which simply refers to the number of glucoses comprised within the alpha-glucan. Various means are known in the art for calculating these various molecular weight measurements such as with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), or gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

The term “sucrose” herein refers to a non-reducing disaccharide composed of an alpha-D-glucose molecule and a beta-D-fructose molecule linked by an alpha-1,2-glycosidic bond. Sucrose is known commonly as table sugar.

The terms “leucrose” and “D-glucopyranosyl-alpha(1-5)-D-fructopyranose” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a disaccharide containing an alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkage.

The terms “glucosyltransferase”, “glucosyltransferase enzyme”, “GTF”, “glucansucrase” and the like are used interchangeably herein. The activity of a glucosyltransferase herein catalyzes the reaction of the substrate sucrose to make the products alpha-glucan and fructose. Other products (by-products) of a GTF reaction can include glucose, various soluble gluco-oligosaccharides, and leucrose. Wild type forms of glucosyltransferase enzymes generally contain (in the N-terminal to C-terminal direction) a signal peptide (which is typically removed by cleavage processes), a variable domain, a catalytic domain, and a glucan-binding domain. A glucosyltransferase herein is classified under the glycoside hydrolase family 70 (GH70) according to the CAZy (Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes) database (Cantarel et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 37:D233-238, 2009).

The term “glucosyltransferase catalytic domain” herein refers to the domain of a glucosyltransferase enzyme that provides alpha-glucan-synthesizing activity to a glucosyltransferase enzyme. A glucosyltransferase catalytic domain typically does not require the presence of any other domains to have this activity.

The terms “enzymatic reaction”, “glucosyltransferase reaction”, “glucan synthesis reaction”, “reaction composition”, “reaction formulation” and the like are used interchangeably herein and generally refer to a reaction that initially comprises water, sucrose, at least one active glucosyltransferase enzyme, and optionally other components. Components that can be further present in a glucosyltransferase reaction typically after it has commenced include fructose, glucose, leucrose, soluble gluco-oligosaccharides (e.g., DP2-DP7) (such may be considered as products or by-products, depending on the glucosyltransferase used), and/or insoluble alpha-glucan product(s) of DP8 or higher (e.g., DP100 and higher). It would be understood that certain glucan products, such as alpha-1,3-glucan with a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least 8 or 9, are water-insoluble and thus not dissolved in a glucan synthesis reaction, but rather may be present out of solution (e.g., by virtue of having precipitated from the reaction). It is in a glucan synthesis reaction where the step of contacting water, sucrose and a glucosyltransferase enzyme is performed. The term “under suitable reaction conditions” as used herein refers to reaction conditions that support conversion of sucrose to alpha-glucan product(s) via glucosyltransferase enzyme activity.

The “yield” of an alpha-glucan product in a glucosyltransferase reaction in some aspects herein represents the molar yield based on the converted sucrose. The molar yield of an alpha-glucan product can be calculated based on the moles of the alpha-glucan product divided by the moles of the sucrose converted. Moles of converted sucrose can be calculated as follows: (mass of initial sucrose−mass of final sucrose)/molecular weight of sucrose [342 g/mol]. This molar yield calculation can be considered as a measure of selectivity of the reaction toward the alpha-glucan. In some aspects, the “yield” of an alpha-glucan product in a glucosyltransferase reaction can be based on the glucosyl component of the reaction. Such a yield (yield based on glucosyl) can be measured using the following formula: Alpha-Glucan Yield=((IS/2−(FS/2+LE/2+GL+SO))/(IS/2−FS/2))×100%. The fructose balance of a glucosyltransferase reaction can be measured to ensure that HPLC data, if applicable, are not out of range (90-110% is considered acceptable). Fructose balance can be measured using the following formula: Fructose Balance=((180/342×(FS+LE)+FR)/(180/342×IS))×100%. In the above two formulae, IS is [Initial Sucrose], FS is [Final Sucrose], LE is [Leucrose], GL is [Glucose], SO is [Soluble Oligomers] (gluco-oligosaccharides), and FR is [Fructose]; the concentrations of each foregoing substrate/product provided in double brackets are in units of grams/L and as measured by HPLC, for example.

The terms “percent by volume”, “volume percent”, “vol %”, “v/v %” and the like are used interchangeably herein. The percent by volume of a solute in a solution can be determined using the formula: [(volume of solute)/(volume of solution)]×100%.

The terms “percent by weight”, “weight percentage (wt %)”, “weight-weight percentage (% w/w)” and the like are used interchangeably herein. Percent by weight refers to the percentage of a material on a mass basis as it is comprised in a composition, mixture, or solution.

The terms “aqueous conditions”, “aqueous reaction conditions”, “aqueous setting”, “aqueous system” and the like are used interchangeably herein. Aqueous conditions herein refer to a solution or mixture in which the solvent is at least about 60 wt % water, for example. A glucosyltransferase reaction herein is performed under aqueous conditions.

The terms “soluble”, “aqueous-soluble”, “water-soluble” and the like as used herein characterize a glucan that has the capability of dissolving in water and/or an aqueous solution herein. Examples of soluble glucans herein are certain oligosaccharides, such as alpha-1,3-glucan with a DP less than 8. In contrast, a glucan that is “insoluble”, “aqueous-insoluble”, “water-insoluble” (and like terms) does not dissolve (or does not appreciably dissolve) in water and/or an aqueous solution herein. Optionally, the conditions for determining solubility include a water/solution temperature range of about 1 to 85° C. (e.g., 20-25° C.) and/or a pH range of about 4-9 (e.g., 6-8).

The terms “polynucleotide”, “polynucleotide sequence”, “nucleic acid molecule” and the like are used interchangeably herein. These terms encompass nucleotide sequences and the like. A polynucleotide may be a polymer of DNA or RNA that is single- or double-stranded, that optionally contains synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. A polynucleotide may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, or mixtures thereof.

The term “gene” as used herein refers to a DNA polynucleotide sequence that expresses an RNA (RNA is transcribed from the DNA polynucleotide sequence) from a coding region, which RNA can be a messenger RNA (encoding a protein) or a non-protein-coding RNA. A gene may refer to the coding region alone, or may include regulatory sequences upstream and/or downstream to the coding region (e.g., promoters, 5′-untranslated regions, 3′-transcription terminator regions). A coding region encoding a protein can alternatively be referred to herein as an “open reading frame” (ORF). A gene that is “native” or “endogenous” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences; such a gene is located in its natural location in the genome of a host cell. A “chimeric” gene refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature (i.e., the regulatory and coding regions are heterologous with each other). Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. A “foreign” or “heterologous” gene can refer to a gene that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign/heterologous genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, native genes introduced into a new location within the native host, or chimeric genes. Polynucleotide sequences in certain embodiments disclosed herein are heterologous. A “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a gene delivery procedure (e.g., transformation). A “codon-optimized” open reading frame has its frequency of codon usage designed to mimic the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is defined as a chain of amino acid residues, usually having a defined sequence. As used herein the term polypeptide is interchangeable with the terms “peptides” and “proteins”. Typical amino acids contained in polypeptides herein include (respective three- and one-letter codes shown parenthetically): alanine (Ala, A), arginine (Arg, R), asparagine (Asn, N), aspartic acid (Asp, D), cysteine (Cys, C), glutamic acid (Glu, E), glutamine (Gln, Q), glycine (Gly, G), histidine (His, H), isoleucine (Ile, I), leucine (Leu, L), lysine (Lys, K), methionine (Met, M), phenylalanine (Phe, F), proline (Pro, P), serine (Ser, S), threonine (Thr, T), tryptophan (Trp, W), tyrosine (Tyr, Y), valine (Val, V).

The term “heterologous” means not naturally found in the location of interest. For example, a heterologous gene can be one that is not naturally found in a host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. As another example, a nucleic acid molecule that is present in a chimeric gene can be characterized as being heterologous, as such a nucleic acid molecule is not naturally associated with the other segments of the chimeric gene (e.g., a promoter can be heterologous to a coding sequence).

A “non-native” amino acid sequence or polynucleotide sequence comprised in a cell or organism herein does not occur in a native (natural) counterpart of such cell or organism. Such an amino acid sequence or polynucleotide sequence can also be referred to as being heterologous to the cell or organism.

“Regulatory sequences” as used herein refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream of a gene's transcription start site (e.g., promoter), 5′ untranslated regions, introns, and 3′ non-coding regions, and which may influence the transcription, processing or stability, and/or translation of an RNA transcribed from the gene. Regulatory sequences herein may include promoters, enhancers, silencers, 5′ untranslated leader sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing sites, effector binding sites, stem-loop structures, and other elements involved in regulation of gene expression. One or more regulatory elements herein may be heterologous to a coding region herein.

A “promoter” as used herein refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the transcription of RNA from a gene. In general, a promoter sequence is upstream of the transcription start site of a gene. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. Promoters that cause a gene to be expressed in a cell at most times under all circumstances are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. A promoter may alternatively be inducible. One or more promoters herein may be heterologous to a coding region herein.

A “strong promoter” as used herein refers to a promoter that can direct a relatively large number of productive initiations per unit time, and/or is a promoter driving a higher level of gene transcription than the average transcription level of the genes in a cell.

The terms “3′ non-coding sequence”, “transcription terminator”, “terminator” and the like as used herein refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a coding sequence. This includes polyadenylation recognition sequences and other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression.

As used herein, a first nucleic acid sequence is “hybridizable” to a second nucleic acid sequence when a single-stranded form of the first nucleic acid sequence can anneal to the second nucleic acid sequence under suitable annealing conditions (e.g., temperature, solution ionic strength). Hybridization and washing conditions are well known and exemplified in Sambrook J, Fritsch E F and Maniatis T, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), which is incorporated herein by reference, particularly Chapter 11 and Table 11.1.

The term “DNA manipulation technique” refers to any technique in which the sequence of a DNA polynucleotide sequence is modified. Although the DNA polynucleotide sequence being modified can be used as a substrate itself for modification, it does not have to be physically in hand for certain techniques (e.g., a sequence stored in a computer can be used as the basis for the manipulation technique). A DNA manipulation technique can be used to delete and/or mutate one or more DNA sequences in a longer sequence. Examples of a DNA manipulation technique include recombinant DNA techniques (restriction and ligation, molecular cloning), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and synthetic DNA methods (e.g., oligonucleotide synthesis and ligation). Regarding synthetic DNA techniques, a DNA manipulation technique can entail observing a DNA polynucleotide in silico, determining desired modifications (e.g., one or more deletions) of the DNA polynucleotide, and synthesizing a DNA polynucleotide that contains the desired modifications.

The term “in silico” herein means in or on an information storage and/or processing device such as a computer; done or produced using computer software or simulation, i.e., virtual reality.

The terms “upstream” and “downstream” as used herein with respect to polynucleotides refer to “5′ of” and “3′ of”, respectively.

The term “expression” as used herein refers to (i) transcription of RNA (e.g., mRNA or a non-protein-coding RNA) from a coding region, and/or (ii) translation of a polypeptide from mRNA. Expression of a coding region of a polynucleotide sequence can be up-regulated or down-regulated in certain embodiments.

The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to the association of two or more nucleic acid sequences such that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of affecting the expression of that coding sequence. That is, the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter. A coding sequence can be operably linked to one (e.g., promoter) or more (e.g., promoter and terminator) regulatory sequences, for example.

The term “recombinant” when used herein to characterize a DNA sequence such as a plasmid, vector, or construct refers to an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis and/or by manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by genetic engineering techniques.

The term “transformation” as used herein refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid molecule into a host organism or host cell by any method. A nucleic acid molecule that has been transformed into an organism/cell may be one that replicates autonomously in the organism/cell, or that integrates into the genome of the organism/cell, or that exists transiently in the cell without replicating or integrating. Non-limiting examples of nucleic acid molecules suitable for transformation are disclosed herein, such as plasmids and linear DNA molecules. Host organisms/cells herein containing a transforming nucleic acid sequence can be referred to as “transgenic”, “recombinant”, “transformed”, “engineered”, as a “transformant”, and/or as being “modified for exogenous gene expression”, for example.

The terms “sequence identity”, “identity” and the like as used herein with respect to polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences refer to the nucleic acid residues or amino acid residues in two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. Thus, “percentage of sequence identity”, “percent identity” and the like refer to the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the results by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. It would be understood that, when calculating sequence identity between a DNA sequence and an RNA sequence, T residues of the DNA sequence align with, and can be considered “identical” with, U residues of the RNA sequence. For purposes of determining “percent complementarity” of first and second polynucleotides, one can obtain this by determining (i) the percent identity between the first polynucleotide and the complement sequence of the second polynucleotide (or vice versa), for example, and/or (ii) the percentage of bases between the first and second polynucleotides that would create canonical Watson and Crick base pairs.

Percent identity can be readily determined by any known method, including but not limited to those described in: 1) Computational Molecular Biology (Lesk, A. M., Ed.) Oxford University: NY (1988); 2) Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith, D. W., Ed.) Academic: NY (1993); 3) (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., Eds.) Humana: NJ (1994); 4) Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology (von Heinje, G., Ed.) Academic (1987); and 5) Sequence Analysis Primer (Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., Eds.) Stockton: NY (1991), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Preferred methods for determining percent identity are designed to give the best match between the sequences tested. Methods of determining identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs, for example. Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations can be performed using the MEGALIGN program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.), for example. Multiple alignment of sequences can be performed, for example, using the Clustal method of alignment which encompasses several varieties of the algorithm including the Clustal V method of alignment (described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins, D. G. et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci., 8:189-191 (1992)) and found in the MEGALIGN v8.0 program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc.). For multiple alignments, the default values can correspond to GAP PENALTY=10 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10. Default parameters for pairwise alignments and calculation of percent identity of protein sequences using the Clustal method can be KTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. For nucleic acids, these parameters can be KTUPLE=2, GAP PENALTY=5, WINDOW=4 and DIAGONALS SAVED=4. Additionally, the Clustal W method of alignment can be used (described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153 (1989); Higgins, D. G. et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191(1992); Thompson, J. D. et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 22 (22): 4673-4680, 1994) and found in the MEGALIGN v8.0 program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc.). Default parameters for multiple alignment (protein/nucleic acid) can be: GAP PENALTY=10/15, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=0.2/6.66, Delay Divergent Seqs (%)=30/30, DNA Transition Weight=0.5, Protein Weight Matrix=Gonnet Series, DNA Weight Matrix=IUB.

Various polypeptide amino acid sequences and polynucleotide sequences are disclosed herein as features of certain embodiments. Variants of these sequences that are at least about 70-85%, 85-90%, or 90%-95% identical to the sequences disclosed herein can be used or referenced. Alternatively, a variant amino acid sequence or polynucleotide sequence can have at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity with a sequence disclosed herein. The variant amino acid sequence or polynucleotide sequence has the same function/activity of the disclosed sequence, or at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the function/activity of the disclosed sequence. Any polypeptide amino acid sequence disclosed herein not beginning with a methionine can typically further comprise at least a start-methionine at the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence. In contrast, any polypeptide amino acid sequence disclosed herein beginning with a methionine can optionally lack such a methionine residue.

The terms “aligns with”, “corresponds with”, and the like can be used interchangeably herein. Some embodiments herein relate to a glucosyltransferase comprising at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with at least one particular amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO:62. An amino acid position of a glucosyltransferase or subsequence thereof (e.g., catalytic domain or catalytic domain plus glucan-binding domains) (can refer to such an amino acid position or sequence as a “query” position or sequence) can be characterized to correspond with a particular amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO:62 (can refer to such an amino acid position or sequence as a “subject” position or sequence) if (1) the query sequence can be aligned with the subject sequence (e.g., where an alignment indicates that the query sequence and the subject sequence [or a subsequence of the subject sequence] are at least about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% identical), and (2) if the query amino acid position directly aligns with (directly lines up against) the subject amino acid position in the alignment of (1). In general, one can align a query amino acid sequence with a subject sequence (SEQ ID NO:62 or a subsequence of SEQ ID NO:62) using any alignment algorithm, tool and/or software described disclosed herein (e.g., BLASTP, ClustalW, ClustalV, Clustal-Omega, EMBOSS) to determine percent identity. Just for further example, one can align a query sequence with a subject sequence herein using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453, 1970) as implemented in the Needle program of the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS [e.g., version 5.0.0 or later], Rice et al., Trends Genet. 16:276-277, 2000). The parameters of such an EMBOSS alignment can comprise, for example: gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix.

The numbering of particular amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO:62 herein (e.g., Leu-373, Leu-428, Ala-472, Ala-510, Leu-513, Met-529, Gln-588, Phe-607, Asn-613, Gln-616, Ser-631, Gly-633, Phe-634, Ser-710, Thr-635, Arg-722, Arg-741, Thr-877, Asp-948, Phe-951, Gln-957, Val-1188, Met-1253) is with respect to the full-length amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62. The first amino acid (i.e., position 1, Met-1) of SEQ ID NO:62 is at the start of the signal peptide. Unless otherwise disclosed, substitutions herein are with respect to the full-length amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62.

A “non-native glucosyltransferase” herein (“mutant”, “variant”, “modified” and like terms can likewise be used to describe such a glucosyltransferase) has at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with a particular amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO:62. Such at least one amino acid substitution typically is in place of the amino acid residue(s) that normally (natively) occurs at the same position in the native counterpart (parent) of the non-native glucosyltransferase (i.e., although SEQ ID NO:62 is used as a reference for position, an amino acid substitution herein is with respect to the native counterpart of a non-native glucosyltransferase) (considered another way, when aligning the sequence of a non-native glucosyltransferase with SEQ ID NO:62, determining whether a substitution exists at a particular position does not depend in-and-of-itself on the respective amino acid residue in SEQ ID NO:62, but rather depends on what amino acid exists at the subject position within the native counterpart of the non-native glucosyltransferase). The amino acid normally occurring at the relevant site in the native counterpart glucosyltransferase often (but not always) is the same as (or conserved with) the particular amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO:62 for which the alignment is made. A non-native glucosyltransferase optionally can have other amino acid changes (mutations, deletions, and/or insertions) relative to its native counterpart sequence.

It may be instructive to illustrate a substitution/alignment herein. SEQ ID NO:12 (GTF 0544) is a truncated form of a Streptococcus sobrinus glucosyltransferase. It is noted that Leu-193 of SEQ ID NO:12 corresponds with Leu-373 of SEQ ID NO:62 (alignment not shown). If SEQ ID NO:12 is mutated at position 193 to substitute the Leu residue with a different residue (e.g., Gln), then it can be stated that the position 193-mutated version of SEQ ID NO:12 represents a non-native glucosyltransferase having an amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with Leu-373 of SEQ ID NO:62, for example.

The term “isolated” means a substance (or process) in a form or environment that does not occur in nature. Non-limiting examples of isolated substances include (1) any non-naturally occurring substance (e.g., a non-native glucosyltransferase herein), (2) any substance including, but not limited to, any host cell, enzyme, variant, nucleic acid, protein, peptide, cofactor, or carbohydrate/saccharide that is at least partially removed from one or more or all of the naturally occurring constituents with which it is associated in nature; (3) any substance modified by the hand of man relative to that substance found in nature (e.g., a non-native glucosyltransferase herein); or (4) any substance modified by increasing the amount of the substance relative to other components with which it is naturally associated. It is believed that the embodiments (e.g., enzymes and reaction compositions) disclosed herein are synthetic/man-made, and/or have properties that are not naturally occurring.

The term “increased” as used herein can refer to a quantity or activity that is at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 50%, 100%, or 200% more than the quantity or activity for which the increased quantity or activity is being compared. The terms “increased”, “elevated”, “enhanced”, “greater than”, “improved” and the like are used interchangeably herein. These terms can be used to characterize the “over-expression” or “up-regulation” of a polynucleotide encoding a protein, for example.

While advances have been made in producing glucan polymers using glucosyltransferase enzymes, less attention appears to have been drawn to improving the glucan yields of such enzymes. Addressing this technological gap, disclosed herein are glucosyltransferases engineered to have modified amino acid sequences endowing these enzymes with enhanced glucan production properties.

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure concern a non-native glucosyltransferase comprising at least two or three amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607, and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase synthesizes alpha-glucan comprising 1,3-linkages, and wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase has:

(i) an alpha-glucan yield that is higher than the alpha-glucan yield of a second glucosyltransferase that only differs from the non-native glucosyltransferase at the substitution position(s), and/or

(ii) a leucrose yield that is lower than the leucrose yield of the second glucosyltransferase.

Thus, in general, mutant glucosyltransferase enzymes are disclosed herein that can synthesize higher amounts of alpha-glucan, and/or lower yields of leucrose, which is a by-product often considered undesirable when the main goal is alpha-glucan synthesis.

A non-native glucosyltransferase herein synthesizes alpha-glucan comprising 1,3-linkages. In some aspects, at least about 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 69%, 70%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 100% of the glycosidic linkages of such an alpha-glucan can be alpha-1,3 linkages. The linkage profile of an alpha-glucan can optionally be characterized as having a range between any two of these values. The other linkages in any of these aspects having 30%-99% alpha-1,3 linkages can be alpha-1,6, and/or not include any alpha-1,4 or alpha-1,2 linkages, for example.

Alpha-glucan in some aspects can have, for example, less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0.5% of alpha-1,2 or alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages. In another embodiment, an alpha-glucan only has alpha-1,3 and optionally alpha-1,6 linkages (i.e., no alpha-1,2 or alpha-1,4 linkages).

Alpha-glucan in some aspects can be linear/unbranched (no branch points). Alternatively, there can be branches in an alpha-glucan herein. For example, an alpha-glucan can have less than about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% branch points as a percent of the linkages in the polymer.

In certain aspects, an alpha-glucan can have a molecular weight in DP_(w) or DP_(n) of at least about 100. For example, the DP_(w) or DP_(n) can be about, or at least about, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, or 1200. The molecular weight of an alpha-glucan can optionally be expressed as a range between any two of these values (e.g., 100-1200, 400-1200, 700-1200, 100-1000, 400-1000, 700-1000).

An alpha-glucan produced by a non-native glucosyltransferase herein typically is water-insoluble. Alpha-1,3-glucan is generally insoluble at a DP_(w) of 8 or 9 and above in neutral (e.g., pH 6-8) aqueous conditions.

Any of the foregoing linkage profiles and/or molecular weight profiles, for example, can be combined herein to appropriately characterize an alpha-glucan product of a non-native glucosyltransferase of the present disclosure. In some aspects, the linkage and/or molecular weight profile of an alpha-glucan product can be as disclosed in any of the following publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,000,000 and 8,871,474, U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2015/0232819.

A non-native glucosyltransferase, for example, can comprise the amino acid sequence of any glucosyltransferase disclosed in the following publications that is capable of producing alpha-glucan as presently disclosed, but with the exception that the non-native glucosyltransferase comprises at least two of, or all three of, amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607, and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,000,000 and 8,871,474; and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. Nos. 2015/0232819 and 2017/0002335, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some aspects, such a non-native glucosyltransferase (i) comprises the foregoing substitutions, and (ii) comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of the respective counterpart/parent glucosyltransferase not having the foregoing substitutions.

In some aspects, a non-native glucosyltransferase (i) comprises at least two of, or all three of, amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607, and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, and (ii) comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 26, 28, 30, 34, or 59. Certain information regarding alpha-glucan products of glucosyltransferases with most of these amino acid sequences is provided in Table 2.

TABLE 2 GTF Enzymes and Related Alpha-Glucan Products^(a) Linkages GTF SEQ ID Reducing Insoluble % alpha- % alpha- ID NO. Sugars Product 1,3 1,6 DP_(n) 0874 2 yes yes 100 0 60 6855 4 yes yes 100 0 440 2379 6 yes yes 37 63 310 7527 8 yes yes 100 0 440 1724 10 yes yes 100 0 250 0544 12 yes yes 62 36 980 5926 14 yes yes 100 0 260 4297 16 yes yes 31 67 800 5618 18 yes yes 34 66 1020 2765 20 yes yes 100 0 280 0427 26 yes yes 100 0 120 2919 28 yes yes 100 0 250 2678 30 yes yes 100 0 390 3929 34 yes yes 100 0 280 ^(a)GTF reactions and product analyses were performed as follows. Reactions were prepared comprising sucrose (50 g/L), potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5, 20 mM) and a GTF enzyme (2.5% bacterial cell extract by volume; extracts prepared according to U.S. application Pub. No. 2017/0002335, in a manner similar to procedure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,871,474). After 24-30 hours at 22-25° C., insoluble product was harvested by centrifugation, washed three times with water, washed once with ethanol, and dried at 50° C. for 24-30 hours. Approximate linkages and DP_(n) are shown for each insoluble product. Linkages and DP_(n) were determined by ¹³C NMR and SEC, respectively.

In some aspects, a non-native glucosyltransferase (i) comprises at least two of, or all three of, amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607 and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, and (ii) comprises or consists of a glucosyltransferase catalytic domain that is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to amino acid residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4, residues 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65, residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:30, residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:28, or residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:20. Such a non-native glucosyltransferase, for instance, is believed to be able to produce alpha-glucan that is water-insoluble and comprise at least about 50% (e.g., 90% or 95%) alpha-1,3 linkages, and optionally further have a DP_(w) of at least 100. It is noted that a glucosyltransferase with amino acid positions 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65 can produce alpha-1,3-glucan with 100% alpha-1,3 linkages and a DP_(w) of at least 400 (data not shown, refer to Table 6 of U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2017/0002335, which is incorporated herein by reference), for example. It is further noted that SEQ ID NOs:65 (GTF 7527), 30 (GTF 2678), 4 (GTF 6855), 28 (GTF 2919), and 20 (GTF 2765) each represent a glucosyltransferase that, compared to its respective wild type counterpart, lacks the signal peptide domain and all or a substantial portion of the variable domain. Thus, each of these glucosyltransferase enzymes has a catalytic domain followed by a glucan-binding domain. The approximate location of catalytic domain sequences in these enzymes is as follows: 7527 (residues 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65), 2678 (residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:30), 6855 (residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4), 2919 (residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:28), 2765 (residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:20). The amino acid sequences of the catalytic domains (approx.) of GTFs 2678, 6855, 2919 and 2765 have about 94.9%, 99.0%, 95.5% and 96.4% identity, respectively, with the approximate catalytic domain sequence of GTF 7527 (i.e., amino acids 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65). Each of these particular glucosyltransferases (GTFs 2678, 6855, 2919 and 2765) can produce alpha-1,3-glucan with 100% alpha-1,3 linkages and a DP_(w) of at least 400 (data not shown, refer to Table 4 of U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2017/0002335). Based on this activity, and the relatedness (high percent identity) of the foregoing catalytic domains, it is contemplated that a non-native glucosyltransferase herein having one of the foregoing catalytic domains further with an amino acid substitution combination as presently disclosed can produce alpha-glucan comprising at least about 50% (e.g., 90% or 95%) alpha-1,3 linkages and a DP_(w) of at least 100.

In some aspects, a non-native glucosyltransferase (i) comprises at least two of, or all three of, amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607 and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, and (ii) comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 69%, 70%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to SEQ ID NO:62 or a subsequence thereof such as SEQ ID NO:4 (without start methionine thereof) or positions 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4 (approximate catalytic domain).

Although it is believed that a non-native glucosyltransferase in certain aspects need only have a catalytic domain, the non-native glucosyltransferase can be comprised within a larger amino acid sequence. For example, a catalytic domain may be linked at its C-terminus to a glucan-binding domain, and/or linked at its N-terminus to a variable domain and/or signal peptide.

Although amino acid substitutions in a non-native glucosyltransferase are generally disclosed herein with respect to the corresponding positions in SEQ ID NO:62, such substitutions can alternatively be stated simply with respect to its position number in the sequence of the non-native glucosyltransferase itself, as convenience may dictate.

Still further examples of non-native glucosyltransferases can be any as disclosed herein and that include 1-300 (or any integer there between [e.g., 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50]) residues on the N-terminus and/or C-terminus. Such additional residues may be from a corresponding wild type sequence from which the glucosyltransferase enzyme is derived, or may be a heterologous sequence such as an epitope tag (at either N- or C-terminus) or a heterologous signal peptide (at N-terminus), for example. A non-native glucosyltransferase herein typically lacks an N-terminal signal peptide; such an enzyme can optionally be characterized as being mature if its signal peptide was removed during a secretion process.

A non-native glucosyltransferase herein can be derived from any microbial source, for example, such as bacteria. Examples of bacterial glucosyltransferases are those derived from a Streptococcus species, Leuconostoc species, or Lactobacillus species. Examples of Streptococcus species include S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. dentirousetti, S. downei, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. gallolyticus and S. sanguinis. Examples of Leuconostoc species include L. mesenteroides, L. amelibiosum, L. argentinum, L. carnosum, L. citreum, L. cremoris, L. dextranicum and L. fructosum. Examples of Lactobacillus species include L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus, L. salivarius, L. casei, L. curvatus, L. plantarum, L. sakei, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. fermentum and L. reuteri.

A non-native glucosyltransferase herein can be prepared by fermentation of an appropriately engineered microbial strain, for example. Recombinant enzyme production by fermentation is well known in the art using microbial species such as E. coli, Bacillus strains (e.g., B. subtilis), Ralstonia eutropha, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, and species of Aspergillus (e.g., A. awamori) and Trichoderma (e.g., T. reesei) (e.g., see Adrio and Demain, Biomolecules 4:117-139, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference). A nucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase amino acid sequence is typically linked to a heterologous promoter sequence to create an expression cassette for the enzyme, and/or is codon-optimized accordingly. Such an expression cassette may be incorporated in a suitable plasmid or integrated into the microbial host chromosome, using methods well known in the art. The expression cassette may include a transcriptional terminator nucleotide sequence following the amino acid coding sequence. The expression cassette may also include, between the promoter sequence and glucosyltransferase amino acid coding sequence, a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide (e.g., heterologous signal peptide) that is designed for direct secretion of the glucosyltransferase enzyme. At the end of fermentation, cells may be ruptured accordingly (generally when a signal peptide for secretion is not employed) and the glucosyltransferase enzyme can be isolated using methods such as precipitation, filtration, and/or concentration. Alternatively, a lysate or extract comprising a glucosyltransferase can be used without further isolation. If the glucosyltransferase was secreted (i.e., it is present in the fermentation broth), it can optionally be used as isolated from, or as comprised in, the fermentation broth. The activity of a glucosyltransferase enzyme can be confirmed by biochemical assay, such as measuring its conversion of sucrose to glucan polymer.

A non-native glucosyltransferase herein can comprise amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with at least two of, or all three of, amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607 and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Gln-588 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Leu, Ala, or Val residue. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Phe-607 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Trp, Tyr, or Asn residue. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Ser or Thr residue. Examples of a non-native glucosyltransferase herein comprise at least: (A) Gln-588-Ala, Phe-607-Tyr and Arg-741-Ser substitutions; (B) Gln-588-Leu, Phe-607-Trp and Arg-741-Ser substitutions; or (C) Gln-588-Leu, Phe-607-Tyr and Arg-741-Thr substitutions. In some aspects, a non-native glucosyltransferase herein can comprise amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues (i) Gln-588 and Phe-607, (ii) Gln-588 and Arg-741, or (iii) Phe-607 and Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62.

A non-native glucosyltransferase herein can comprise, in addition to the foregoing two or three amino acid substitutions, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more of the disclosed amino acid substitutions, for instance. For example, a non-native glucosyltransferase can further comprise at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Ala-510 and/or Asp-948 of SEQ ID NO:62. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Ala-510 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with an Asp, Glu, Ile, or Val residue. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Asp-948 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Gly, Val, or Ala residue. Examples of a non-native glucosyltransferase herein comprise at least: (D) Ala-510-Glu and Asp-948-Val substitutions; (E) an Asp-948-Ala substitution; or (F) Ala-510-Asp and Asp-948-Gly substitutions, (in addition to any of the foregoing substitution combinations of A, B, or C, for example).

In another example, a non-native glucosyltransferase can further comprise at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Ser-631, Ser-710, Arg-722, and/or Thr-877 of SEQ ID NO:62. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Ser-631 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Thr, Asp, Glu, or Arg residue. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Ser-710 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Gly, Ala, or Val residue. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Arg-722 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a His or Lys residue. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Thr-877 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Lys, His, or Arg residue. Examples of a non-native glucosyltransferase herein comprise at least: (G) Ser-631-Thr, Ser-710-Gly, Arg-722-His and Thr-877-Lys substitutions; (H) Ser-710-Ala, Arg-722-Lys and Thr-877-Lys substitutions; or (I) Ser-631-Ser, Ser-710-Gly, and Thr-877-Arg substitutions, (in addition to any of the foregoing substitution combinations of [i] A, B, or C; or [ii] A, B, or C with D, E, or F).

In another example, a non-native glucosyltransferase can further comprise at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Val-1188, Met-1253, and/or Gln-957 of SEQ ID NO:62. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Val-1188 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Glu or Asp residue. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Met-1253 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with an Ile, Leu, Ala, or Val residue. In some aspects, the amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid Gln-957 of SEQ ID NO:62 can be with a Pro residue. Examples of a non-native glucosyltransferase herein comprise at least: (J) a Val-1188-Asp substitution; (K) a Met-1253-Ile substitution; (L) Val-1188-Glu and Met-1253-Ile substitutions; (M) Val-1188-Glu, Met-1253-Ile and Gln-957-Pro substitutions; or (N) a Val-1188-Glu substitution (in addition to any of the foregoing substitution combinations of [i] A, B, or C; [ii] A, B, or C with D, E, or F; [iii] A, B, or C with G, H, or I; [iv] A, B, or C with one of D, E, or F, and one of G, H, or I).

Other suitable substitutions that can be in addition to those listed above, for example, include those as listed in Table 3 in Example 1 (below) that are associated with (i) a decrease in leucrose production by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, and/or (ii) an increase in glucan yield by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, or 150%. In some aspects, suitable additional substitutions include those as listed in Table 3 in Example 1 (below) that are associated with a decrease in glucose production by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80%. In some aspects, suitable additional substitutions include those as listed in Table 3 in Example 1 (below) that are associated with a decrease in gluco-oligosaccharide (oligomer) production by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65%. The foregoing substitutions as listed in Table 3 are as they correspond with the listed residue position number in SEQ ID NO:62. In some aspects, one or more substitutions are conserved or non-conserved substitutions; such conservation (or not) can be, for instance, with respect to the amino acid that occurs in the native glucosyltransferase from which the non-native glucosyltransferase is derived.

Simply for illustration purposes, a non-native glucosyltransferase herein can comprise a combination of amino acid substitutions at positions as follows (i-xix), where each substitution position corresponds with the respective amino acid position number of SEQ ID NO:62:

(i) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, R722, T877, M1253 and K1277;

(ii) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, R722, T877, V1188, M1253 and Q957;

(iii) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, T877, V1188, M1253 and Q957;

(iv) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948 and M1253;

(v) A510, Q588, F607, R741 and D948;

(vi) Q588, F607, R741 and D948;

(vii) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, N628, T635, T877, M1253, F929 and R1172;

(viii) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S631, S710, R722, T877, V1188 and M1253;

(ix) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S631, S710, R722, T877 and V1188;

(x) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S631, S710, T877, V1188 and M1253;

(xi) A510, Q588, F607, R741 and D948;

(xii) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948 and V1188;

(xiii) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S631, S710 and V1188;

(xiv) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S710, R722, T877 and M1253;

(xv) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S631, R722, T877, V1188 and M1253;

(xvi) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S631, T877, V1188 and M1253;

(xvii) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S631 and V1188;

(xviii) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, S631, R722, T877, V1188 and M1253; or

(xix) A510, Q588, F607, R741, D948, V1188 and M1253,

Some particular examples of embodiments i-xix are disclosed in Example 4 below (Table 7). Thus, a non-native glucosyltransferase in some aspects can comprise one of the following combinations of substitutions (xx-xxxviii), where each substitution corresponds with the respective amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO:62:

(xx) A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G/R722H/T877K/M1253I/K1277N,

(xxi) A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G/R722H/T877K/V1188E/M1253I/Q957P,

(xxii) A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G/T877K/V1188E/M1253I/Q957P,

(xxiii) A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G/M1253I,

(xxiv) A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G,

(xxv) Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G,

(xxvi)

A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G/N628D/T635A/T877K/M1253I/F929L/R11720,

(xxvii)

A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G/S631T/S710G/R722H/T877K/V1188E/M1253I,

(xxviii) A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G/S631T/S710G/R722H/T877K/V1188E,

(xxix) A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G/S631T/S710G/T877KA/1188E/M1253I,

(xxx) A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G,

(xxxi) A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948GA/1188E,

(xxxii) A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G/S631T/S710G/V1188E,

(xxxxiii) A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G/S710G/R722H/T877K/M1253I,

(xxxiv) A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G/S631T/R722H/T877K/V1188E/M1253I,

(xxxv) A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G/S631T/T877K/V1188E/M1253I,

(xxxvi) A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G/S631T/V1188E,

(xxxvii) A510D/Q588L/F607Y/R741S/D948G/S631T/R722H/T877K/V1188E/M1253I, or

(xxxviii) A510D/Q588L/F607W/R741S/D948G/V1188E/M1253I.

A non-native glucosyltransferase with a combination of amino acid substitutions herein can be based on any of a variety of glucosyltransferase amino acid sequences as presently disclosed, for example. Simply for illustration purposes, examples of such a non-native glucosyltransferase include those with a combination of amino acid substitutions as described herein (e.g., any of embodiments i-xxxviii above) and comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to SEQ ID NO:65 (optionally without the start methionine of SEQ ID NO:65) or residues 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:30 (optionally without the start methionine of SEQ ID NO:30) or residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:4 (optionally without the start methionine of SEQ ID NO:4) or residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:28 (optionally without the start methionine of SEQ ID NO:28) or residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:28, or SEQ ID NO:20 (optionally without the start methionine of SEQ ID NO:20) or residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:20.

A non-native glucosyltransferase herein can have (i) an alpha-glucan yield that is higher than the alpha-glucan yield of a second glucosyltransferase (or, simply, “another” glucosyltransferase) (e.g., parent glucosyltransferase) that only differs from the non-native glucosyltransferase at the substitution positions, and/or (ii) a leucrose yield that is lower than the leucrose yield of the second glucosyltransferase. A second glucosyltransferase herein, for example, can be comprised of all of, or mostly, native amino acid sequence. Thus, while a second glucosyltransferase herein can be a native glucosyltransferase in some aspects, it can be a prior-modified glucosyltransferase in other aspects (e.g., a glucosyltransferase with one or more other amino acid substitutions differing from the substitution[s] of the present disclosure). In some embodiments, a second glucosyltransferase to which a non-native glucosyltransferase is compared has native amino acid residues at the substitution positions. Determining whether an amino acid residue is native can be done by comparing the second glucosyltransferase amino acid sequence to the native/wild type glucosyltransferase amino acid sequence from which the second glucosyltransferase is derived. Optionally, a non-native glucosyltransferase in some embodiments can be characterized as having higher selectivity toward alpha-glucan synthesis (as compared to by-product synthesis).

In some aspects, a non-native glucosyltransferase herein can have an alpha-glucan yield that is at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, 140%, 160%, 180%, 200%, 220%, 240%, 260%, 280%, 300%, 320%, 340%, 360%, or 380% higher than the alpha-glucan yield of a second glucosyltransferase as presently disclosed. In some additional or alternative embodiments, a non-native glucosyltransferase can have a decrease in leucrose yield by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% compared to the leucrose yield of a second glucosyltransferase. These determinations (alpha-glucan and/or leucrose yield) can be made with respect to any glucan synthesis reaction/process as disclosed herein (e.g., taking into account initial sucrose conc., temperature, pH, and/or reaction time), and using any suitable measurement technique (e.g., HPLC or NIR spectroscopy). Typically, a comparison between non-native and second glucosyltransferases herein can be made under identical or similar reaction conditions. The yield of a glucosyltransferase reaction in some aspects can be measured based on the glucosyl component of the reaction.

In some embodiments, a non-native glucosyltransferase can exhibit a decrease in the yield of soluble gluco-oligosaccharides by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, or 75% compared to the soluble gluco-oligosaccharide yield of a second glucosyltransferase. A soluble gluco-oligosaccharide in some aspects can be DP2-7 or DP2-8, and have any linkage profile disclosed herein. In some aspects, the DP is or up to 10, 15, 20, or 25, but with a linkage profile allowing solubility (e.g., not over 90% or 95% alpha-1,3).

In some embodiments, a non-native glucosyltransferase can exhibit a decrease in the yield of glucose by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80% compared to the glucose yield of a second glucosyltransferase.

Some embodiments disclosed herein concern a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a non-native glucosyltransferase as presently disclosed. Optionally, one or more regulatory sequences are operably linked to the nucleotide sequence, and preferably a promoter sequence is included as a regulatory sequence.

A polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase herein can be a vector or construct useful for transferring a nucleotide sequence into a cell, for example. Examples of a suitable vector/construct can be selected from a plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), cosmid, phagemid, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), virus, or linear DNA (e.g., linear PCR product). A polynucleotide sequence in some aspects can be capable of existing transiently (i.e., not integrated into the genome) or stably (i.e., integrated into the genome) in a cell. A polynucleotide sequence in some aspects can comprise, or lack, one or more suitable marker sequences (e.g., selection or phenotype marker).

A polynucleotide sequence in certain embodiments can comprise one or more regulatory sequences operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase. For example, a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase may be in operable linkage with a promoter sequence (e.g., a heterologous promoter). A promoter sequence can be suitable for expression in a cell (e.g., bacterial cell such as E. coli or Bacillus; eukaryotic cell such as a fungus, yeast, insect, or mammalian cell) or in an in vitro protein expression system, for example. Examples of other suitable regulatory sequences include transcription terminator sequences.

Some aspects herein are drawn to a cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence as presently disclosed; such a cell can be any type disclosed herein (e.g., bacterial cell such as E. coli or Bacillus; eukaryotic cell such as a fungus, yeast, insect, or mammalian cell). A cell can optionally express a non-native glucosyltransferase encoded by the polynucleotide sequence. In some aspects, the polynucleotide sequence exists transiently (i.e., not integrated into the genome) or stably (i.e., integrated into the genome) in the cell.

Some embodiments disclosed herein concern reaction compositions comprising water, sucrose, and one or more non-native glucosyltransferases herein. Such a reaction composition produces, at least, alpha-glucan comprising 1,3-linkages as disclosed.

The temperature of a reaction composition herein can be controlled, if desired, and can be about 5-50° C., 20-40° C., 30-40° C., 20-30° C., 20-25° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 35° C., or 40° C., for example.

The initial concentration of sucrose in a reaction composition herein can be about 20-400 g/L, 75-175 g/L, or 50-150 g/L, for example. In some aspects, the initial sucrose concentration is at least about 50, 75, 100, 150 or 200 g/L, or is about 50-600 g/L, 100-500 g/L, 50-100 g/L, 100-200 g/L, 150-450 g/L, 200-450 g/L, or 250-600 g/L. “Initial concentration of sucrose” refers to the sucrose concentration in a reaction composition just after all the reaction components have been added/combined (e.g., at least water, sucrose, non-native glucosyltransferase enzyme).

The pH of a reaction composition in certain embodiments can be about 4.0-9.0, 4.0-8.5, 4.0-8.0, 5.0-8.0, 5.5-7.5, or 5.5-6.5. In some aspects, the pH can be about 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, or 8.0. The pH can be adjusted or controlled by the addition or incorporation of a suitable buffer, including but not limited to: phosphate, tris, citrate, or a combination thereof. The buffer concentration in a reaction composition herein can be about 0.1-300 mM, 0.1-100 mM, 10-100 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, or 50 mM, for example.

A reaction composition can be contained within any vessel (e.g., an inert vessel/container) suitable for applying one or more of the reaction conditions disclosed herein. An inert vessel in some aspects can be of stainless steel, plastic, or glass (or comprise two or more of these components) and be of a size suitable to contain a particular reaction. For example, the volume/capacity of an inert vessel (and/or the volume of a reaction composition herein), can be about, or at least about, 1, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000, 10000, 12500, 15000, or 20000 liters. An inert vessel can optionally be equipped with a stirring device.

A reaction composition herein can contain one, two, or more glucosyltransferase enzymes, for example, just as long that at least one of the enzymes is a non-native glucosyltransferase as presently disclosed. In some embodiments, only one or two glucosyltransferase enzymes is/are comprised in a reaction composition. A glucosyltransferase reaction herein can be, and typically is, cell-free (e.g., no whole cells present).

Any of the features disclosed herein (e.g., above and in the below Examples) regarding a reaction composition can characterize appropriate aspects of a glucan production method herein, and vice versa.

The present disclosure also concerns a method for producing alpha-glucan, the method comprising: (a) contacting at least water, sucrose, and at least one non-native glucosyltransferase as disclosed herein that produces an alpha-glucan, whereby alpha-glucan is produced; and b) optionally, isolating the alpha-glucan produced in step (a). Conducting such a method, which can optionally be characterized as a glucan synthesis method, is typically also performed when conducting a reaction composition herein.

A glucan synthesis method as presently disclosed comprises contacting at least water, sucrose, and a non-native glucosyltransferase herein that produces an alpha-glucan. These and optionally other reagents can be added altogether or in any order as discussed below. This step can optionally be characterized as providing a reaction composition comprising water, sucrose and a non-native glucosyltransferase enzyme that synthesizes alpha-glucan. The contacting step herein can be performed in any number of ways. For example, the desired amount of sucrose can first be dissolved in water (optionally, other components may also be added at this stage of preparation, such as buffer components), followed by addition of glucosyltransferase enzyme. The solution may be kept still, or agitated via stirring or orbital shaking, for example. A glucan synthesis method can be performed by batch, fed-batch, continuous mode, or by any variation of these modes.

Completion of a reaction in certain embodiments can be determined visually (e.g., no more accumulation of insoluble glucan), and/or by measuring the amount of sucrose left in the solution (residual sucrose), where a percent sucrose consumption of at least about 90%, 95%, or 99% can indicate reaction completion. A reaction of the disclosed process can be conducted for about 1 hour to about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, 144, or 168 hours, for example.

The yield of an alpha-glucan produced in some aspects of a glucan synthesis method herein can be at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, or 96%. Yield in some aspects can be measured based on the glucosyl component of the reaction. In some additional or alternative embodiments, the yield of leucrose can be less than about 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%. Such a yield in alpha-glucan and/or leucrose in some aspects is achieved in a reaction conducted for about 16-24 hours (e.g., ˜20 hours), and/or is as measured using HPLC or NIR spectroscopy.

Insoluble alpha-glucan produced in a method herein can optionally be isolated. In certain embodiments, isolating insoluble alpha-glucan can include at least conducting a step of centrifugation and/or filtration. Isolation can optionally further comprise washing alpha-glucan one, two, or more times with water or other aqueous liquid, and/or drying the alpha-glucan product.

An isolated alpha-glucan product herein, as provided in a dry form, can comprise no more than 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.10, 0.05, or 0.01 wt % water, for example. In some aspects, an alpha-glucan product is provided in an amount of at least 1 gram (e.g., at least about 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10000, 25000, 50000, or 100000 g); such an amount can be a dry amount, for example.

A glucan synthesis method in some aspects can further comprise contacting a soluble fraction of the glucosyltransferase reaction, and/or the glucosyltransferase reaction itself, with an alpha-glucosidase enzyme to hydrolyze at least one glycosidic linkage of one or more oligosaccharides present in the soluble fraction and/or glucosyltransferase reaction, thereby increasing the monosaccharide content in the soluble fraction. A soluble fraction herein can be contacted with an alpha-glucosidase after its separation from an insoluble fraction comprising alpha-1,3-glucan, or before its separation (e.g., while it is being formed in the reaction, and/or after completion of the reaction) (i.e., in contacting step [a] and/or after separation step [b]). A soluble fraction can be a filtrate or supernatant, for example, of a glucosyltransferase reaction, and is typically obtained following the completion of insoluble alpha-1,3-glucan synthesis. Examples of suitable alpha-glucosidases herein include those comprising an amino acid sequence that (i) is 100% identical to, or at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% A identical to, any of SEQ ID NOs:68-81, and (ii) has hydrolytic activity toward alpha-1,5 glucosyl-fructose linkages, alpha-1,3 glucosyl-glucose linkages, and/or alpha-1,6 glucosyl-glucose linkages in saccharides.

Any of the disclosed conditions for synthesizing an alpha-glucan, such as the foregoing or those described in the below Examples, can be applied to practicing a reaction composition as presently disclosed (and vice versa), and/or used to characterize features/activity of a non-native glucosyltransferase, accordingly.

The present disclosure also concerns a method of preparing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase herein. This method comprises:

-   -   (a) identifying a polynucleotide sequence encoding a parent         glucosyltransferase that (i) comprises an amino acid sequence         that is at least about 40% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 or positions         55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4, and (ii) synthesizes alpha-glucan         comprising 1,3-linkages; and     -   (b) modifying the polynucleotide sequence identified in step (a)         to substitute at least two or three amino acids of the parent         glucosyltransferase at positions corresponding with amino acid         residues Gln-588, Phe-607 and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62,         thereby providing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a         non-native glucosyltransferase that has:         -   (i) an alpha-glucan yield that is higher than the             alpha-glucan yield of the parent glucosyltransferase, and/or         -   (ii) a leucrose yield that is lower than the leucrose yield             of the parent glucosyltransferase.             Such a method can optionally further comprise using a             polynucleotide prepared in this manner in a method of             expressing the non-native glucosyltransferase encoded by the             polynucleotide. Such an expression method can follow any             heterologous protein expression method as known in the art,             for example. The present method of preparing a             polynucleotide can optionally alternatively be characterized             as a method of increasing the product yield of a             glucosyltransferase.

Identification step (a) herein can, in some instances, comprise identifying an amino acid sequence of a parent glucosyltransferase enzyme. A polynucleotide sequence could be determined from this amino acid sequence according to the genetic code (codons), such as the genetic code used in the species from which the parent glucosyltransferase was identified.

Identifying a polynucleotide encoding a parent glucosyltransferase herein can be performed (a) in silico, (b) with a method comprising a nucleic acid hybridization step, (c) with a method comprising a protein sequencing step, and/or (d) with a method comprising a protein binding step, for example.

Regarding in silico detection, the amino acid sequences of candidate parent glucosyltransferase enzymes (and/or nucleotide sequences encoding such glucosyltransferase enzymes) stored in a computer or database (e.g., public databases such as GENBANK, EMBL, REFSEQ, GENEPEPT, SWISS-PROT, PIR, PDB) can be reviewed in silico to identify a glucosyltransferase enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence with a percent sequence identity as described above for a parent glucosyltransferase. Such review could comprise using any means known in the art such as through use of an alignment algorithm or software as described above (e.g., BLASTN, BLASTP, ClustalW, ClustalV, Clustal-Omega, EMBOSS).

Identifying a parent glucosyltransferase as disclosed above can optionally be performed via a method comprising a nucleic acid hybridization step. Such a method can comprise using DNA hybridization (e.g., Southern blot, dot blot), RNA hybridization (e.g., northern blot), or any other method that has a nucleic acid hybridization step (e.g., DNA sequencing, PCR, RT-PCR, all of which may comprise hybridization of an oligonucleotide), for example. A polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4 or a subsequence thereof (e.g., positions 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4) can be used as a probe, for example, in such a hybridization. Conditions and parameters for carrying out hybridization methods in general are well known and disclosed, for example, in Sambrook J, Fritsch E F and Maniatis T, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989); Silhavy T J, Bennan M L and Enquist L W, Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); Ausubel F M et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, published by Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, N.J. (1987); and Innis M A, Gelfand D H, Sninsky J J and White T J (Editors), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (1990).

Identifying a parent glucosyltransferase as disclosed above can optionally be performed via a method comprising a protein sequencing step. Such a protein sequencing step can comprise one or more procedures such as N-terminal amino acid analysis, C-terminal amino acid analysis, Edman degradation, or mass spectrometry, for example.

Identifying a parent glucosyltransferase as disclosed above can optionally be performed via a method comprising a protein binding step. Such a protein binding step can be performed using an antibody that binds to a motif or epitope within SEQ ID NO:4 (e.g., within positions 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4), for example.

A polynucleotide identified in step (a) (i.e., before its modification in step [b]) can, in some aspects, encode a glucosyltransferase comprising an amino acid sequence that is identical to, or at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, the amino acid sequence of any glucosyltransferase disclosed in Table 1. An alpha-glucan as produced by such a glucosyltransferase can be as disclosed herein, for example.

A method of preparing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase herein comprises step (b) of modifying the polynucleotide sequence (encoding a parent glucosyltransferase) identified in step (a). Such modification substitutes at least two or three amino acids of the parent glucosyltransferase at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607 and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62. The non-native glucosyltransferase (encoded by the modified polynucleotide sequence) resulting from such substitutions can be optionally be characterized as a “child glucosyltransferase” herein.

A parent glucosyltransferase enzyme herein can comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least about 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 69%, 70%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 (optionally without start methionine thereof) or positions 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4 (approximate catalytic domain), for example. It is noted simply for reference purposes that SEQ ID NO:4 without its start methionine is a subsequence of SEQ ID NO:62.

A suitable modification of a polynucleotide in step (b) can be made following any DNA manipulation technique known in the art. Modifying step (b) can optionally be performed in silico, followed by synthesis of the polynucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase. For example, a polynucleotide sequence identified in step (a) can be manipulated in silico using a suitable sequence manipulation program/software (e.g., VECTOR NTI, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.; DNAStrider; DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.). Following such virtual manipulation, the modified polynucleotide sequence can be artificially synthesized by any suitable technique (e.g., annealing-based connection of oligonucleotides, or any technique disclosed in Hughes et al., Methods Enzymol. 498:277-309, which is incorporated herein by reference). It should be appreciated that the foregoing methodology is not believed to necessarily rely on having a pre-existing polynucleotide (encoding a parent glucosyltransferase) in hand.

Modifying step (b) can optionally be performed using a physical copy of a polynucleotide sequence identified in step (a) encoding a parent glucosyltransferase. As an example, such a polynucleotide can serve as a template for amplification using primers designed in a manner such that the amplified product encodes a non-native glucosyltransferase herein (e.g., refer to Innis et al., ibid.).

The amino acid substitutions in this method can be any of those combinations of substitutions as disclosed herein. Essentially any non-native glucosyltransferase as presently disclosed can be encoded by a polynucleotide as prepared by this method, for instance, and consequently can have the higher alpha-glucan yield and/or lower leucrose yield profiles disclosed herein.

Non-limiting examples of compositions and methods disclosed herein include:

1. A non-native glucosyltransferase comprising at least two or three amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607, and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase synthesizes alpha-glucan comprising 1,3-linkages, and wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase has: (i) an alpha-glucan yield that is higher than the alpha-glucan yield of a second glucosyltransferase that only differs from the non-native glucosyltransferase at the substitution positions, and/or (ii) a leucrose yield that is lower than the leucrose yield of the second glucosyltransferase. 2. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 1, wherein the glucosyltransferase comprises amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607 and Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62. 3. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein: (i) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Gln-588 is with a Leu, Ala, or Val residue; (ii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Phe-607 is with a Trp, Tyr, or Asn residue; and/or (iii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Arg-741 is with a Ser or Thr residue. 4. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 1, 2, or 3, wherein the glucosyltransferase further comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Ala-510 and/or Asp-948 of SEQ ID NO:62; optionally wherein: (i) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Ala-510 is with an Asp, Glu, Ile, or Val residue; and/or (ii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Asp-948 is with a Gly, Val, or Ala residue. 5. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the glucosyltransferase further comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Ser-631, Ser-710, Arg-722, and/or Thr-877 of SEQ ID NO:62; optionally wherein: (i) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Ser-631 is with a Thr, Asp, Glu, or Arg residue; (ii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Ser-710 is with a Gly, Ala, or Val residue; (iii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Arg-722 is with a His or Lys residue; and/or (iv) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Thr-877 is with a Lys, His, or Arg residue. 6. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the glucosyltransferase further comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Val-1188, Met-1253, and/or Gln-957 of SEQ ID NO:62; optionally wherein: (i) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Val-1188 is with a Glu or Asp residue; (ii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Met-1253 is with an Ile, Leu, Ala, or Val residue; and/or (iii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Gln-957 is with a Pro residue. 7. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, wherein the alpha-glucan produced by the non-native glucosyltransferase is insoluble and comprises at least about 50% alpha-1,3 linkages, and optionally wherein it has a weight average degree of polymerization (DP_(w)) of at least 100. 8. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 7, comprising a catalytic domain that is at least about 90% identical to residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4, residues 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65, residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:30, residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:28, or residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:20. 9. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 7 or 8, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:28, or SEQ ID NO:20. 10. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase synthesizes insoluble alpha-1,3-glucan having at least about 90% (or at least 95%) alpha-1,3-linkages. 11. The non-native glucosyltransferase of embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, wherein the alpha-glucan yield is at least about 10% higher than the alpha-glucan yield of the second glucosyltransferase. 12. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase according to any one of embodiments 1-11, optionally wherein one or more regulatory sequences are operably linked to the nucleotide sequence, and preferably wherein the one or more regulatory sequences include a promoter sequence. 13. A reaction composition comprising water, sucrose, and a non-native glucosyltransferase according to any one of embodiments 1-11. 14. A method of producing alpha-glucan comprising: (a) contacting at least water, sucrose, and a non-native glucosyltransferase enzyme according to any one of embodiments 1-11, whereby alpha-glucan is produced; and (b) optionally, isolating the alpha-glucan produced in step (a). 15. A method of preparing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase (e.g., of any one of embodiments 1-11), the method comprising: (a) identifying a polynucleotide sequence encoding a parent glucosyltransferase that (i) comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least about 40% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 or positions 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4, and (ii) synthesizes alpha-glucan comprising 1,3-linkages; and (b) modifying the polynucleotide sequence identified in step (a) to substitute at least two or three amino acids of the parent glucosyltransferase at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607, and/or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, thereby providing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a non-native glucosyltransferase that has: (i) an alpha-glucan yield that is higher than the alpha-glucan yield of the parent glucosyltransferase, and/or (ii) a leucrose yield that is lower than the leucrose yield of the parent glucosyltransferase. 16. The method of embodiment 15, wherein the identifying step is performed: (a) in silico, (b) with a method comprising a nucleic acid hybridization step, (c) with a method comprising a protein sequencing step, and/or (d) with a method comprising a protein binding step; and/or wherein the modifying step is performed: (e) in silico, followed by synthesis of the polynucleotide sequence encoding the non-native glucosyltransferase enzyme, or (f) using a physical copy of the polynucleotide sequence encoding the parent glucosyltransferase.

EXAMPLES

The present disclosure is further exemplified in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating certain preferred aspects herein, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of the disclosed embodiments, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications to adapt the disclosed embodiments to various uses and conditions.

Example 1 Analysis of Amino Acid Sites Affecting Glucosyltransferase Selectivity Toward Alpha-Glucan Synthesis

This Example describes screening for glucosyltransferase variants with improved selectivity toward alpha-glucan synthesis from sucrose. Another aim of this screening was to identify glucosyltransferase variants that exhibit reduced synthesis of by-products such as leucrose and gluco-oligosaccharides. Variants having either or both of these yield properties were identified.

The amino acid sequence of the glucosyltransferase used to prepare amino acid substitutions in this Example was SEQ ID NO:4 (GTF 6855), which essentially is an N-terminally truncated (signal peptide and variable region removed) version of the full-length wild type glucosyltransferase (represented by SEQ ID NO:62) from Streptococcus salivarius SK126 (see Table 1). Substitutions made in SEQ ID NO:4 can be characterized as substituting for native amino acid residues, as each amino acid residue/position of SEQ ID NO:4 (apart from the Met-1 residue of SEQ ID NO:4) corresponds accordingly with an amino acid residue/position within SEQ ID NO:62. In reactions comprising at least sucrose and water, the glucosyltransferase of SEQ ID NO:4 typically produces alpha-glucan having about 100% alpha-1,3 linkages and a DP_(w) of 400 or greater (e.g., refer to U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,871,474 and 9,169,506, and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2017/0002336, which are incorporated herein by reference). This alpha-glucan product, which is insoluble, can be isolated following enzymatic synthesis via filtration, for example.

To summarize this Example, GTF 6855 variants (each with a single amino acid substitution) from site evaluation libraries (SEL) were each bacterially expressed, purified, and normalized to a concentration of 100 ppm. Each enzyme preparation was then screened (in triplicate) using sucrose as substrate in alpha-1,3 glucan synthesis reactions. In addition to determining the amount of alpha-1,3 glucan polymer produced in each reaction, the soluble sugar products (fructose, glucose, leucrose, gluco-oligosaccharides) and residual sucrose of each reaction were analyzed by HPLC after about a 20-hour incubation.

Plasmids for individually expressing various single amino acid-substituted variants of GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) in a Bacillus subtilis host were prepared. Such plasmids were prepared as follows. A DNA expression cassette having (operably linked in 5′-to-3′ order) the B. subtilis aprE promoter, a codon-optimized sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4 (GTF 6855), and a BPN′ terminator was synthesized. This expression cassette was cloned into the pHYT replicating shuttle vector (forming pHYT-GTF6855) and transformed into B. subtilis CBS12-1. The pHYT vector was derived from pHY300PLK (Takara) by adding a terminator sequence (SEQ ID NO:67) after the tetracycline resistance gene using the BstEII and EcoRI sites. The HindIII site in pHY300PLK had been removed by cloning a linker sequence (not shown) into the BamHI and HindIII sites. The pHYT-GTF6855 plasmid was amplified and used for generating SELs. The resulting plasmids encoding single-amino acid substituted GTFs were sequenced to verify each substitution.

To produce GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) and single amino acid-substituted variants thereof, B. subtilis individually transformed with pHYT-GTF6855 or mutated versions thereof were cultivated in Tryptone Soya Broth (Oxoid Ltd., UK) and Grant's II medium. Heart infusion agar plates (Difco Laboratories, MI) were used to select transformants. Plasmid integrity was maintained by the addition of 25 μg/mL tetracycline. Each GTF targeted for expression was detected in the growth medium after incubation for about 6 hours at 37° C. After centrifugation and filtration, culture supernatants with expressed GTF were obtained. GTF enzyme present in the supernatant was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography using washed (2×MILLIQ 1×25 mM NaH₂PO₄ pH 5.7 with intermediate centrifugation steps 100× g) SUPERDEX 200 resin (GE Healthcare). Each GTF was eluted with a 15% solution of Dextran T1 (Pharmacosmos) in 25 mM NaH₂PO₄ pH 5.7 by centrifugation 100× g. Each purified GTF was dialyzed against 25 mM NaH₂PO₄ pH 5.7 buffer (at least 100×) using a Harvard Apparatus 96-well DISPODIALYZER (10000-Dalton MWCO).

After dialysis, GTF enzyme concentration was determined by OD280 using purified GTF 6855 as a standard. Normalization of each purified GTF to 100 ppm was achieved by diluting appropriately with 25 mM NaH₂PO₄ pH 5.7. Protein concentration for each sample was confirmed using an AGILENT 1200 (Agilent Technologies) HPLC equipped with an AGILENT BIO SEC3 guard-column column (3 μm 100 Å (4.6×50 mm). Five (5) μL of sample was injected onto the column for each determination. Compounds were eluted with isocratic flow of 25 mM KH₂PO₄ pH 6.8+0.1 M NaCl for 1.3 min at 0.5 mL/min flow rate.

Each GTF (GTF 6855 and each variant thereof) was entered into a reaction with sucrose to determine yield and selectivity. Each reaction was performed as follows: 37.5 μL of 100 ppm enzyme sample (ppm based on a BSA calibration curve) was added to 262.5 μL of 86 g/L sucrose (75 g/L final) in 20 mM Na₂HPO₄/NaH₂PO₄ pH 5.7 and incubated overnight (about 20 hours) at 30° C. After this incubation, each reaction was quenched by incubation for 1 hour at 80° C. A 200-4 aliquot of each quenched reaction was filtered in vacuo via a 0.45-μm filter plate (Millipore 0.45-μm Hydrophilic) and each filtrate was diluted 5× (10 μL sample+40 μL 20 mM Na₂HPO₄/NaH₂PO₄) in preparation for HPLC sugar analysis.

Sucrose, glucose, fructose, leucrose and relative oligosaccharide concentrations in each diluted filtrate were determined using an AGILENT 1200 (Agilent Technologies) HPLC equipped with a 150×7.80 mm PHENOMENEX REZEX RNM carbohydrate Na⁺ 8% column PHENOMENX KRUDKATCHER 0.5-μm guard column. The column was operated at 80° C. with an isocratic flow-rate of 0.9 m L/min with 10 mM Na₂HPO₄/NaH₂PO₄ pH 6.7 (5 min per sample). Five μL of diluted sample was injected. Appropriate sucrose, glucose, fructose, and leucrose calibration curves were used to determine sugar concentrations. A mixture of purified gluco-oligosaccharides was used to determine oligomer concentration.

The profiles of reactions (˜20 hours) as measured via the above methodology are provided in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Product Profiles of GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and Single Amino Acid-Substituted Variants thereof Alpha-1,3 Sucrose Leucrose Glucose Fructose Oligomers Glucan^(f) Fructose GTF (g/L)^(d) (g/L)^(d) (g/L)^(d) (g/L)^(d) (g/L)^(d,e) Yield^(i) Balance Plate 1^(a) 6855^(b) 1.6 21.1 6.3 28.9 9.1 31% 97% 6855^(b) 1.6 21.3 6.3 29.1 10.5 27% 98% 6855^(b) 1.6 21.2 6.3 29.3 10.0 29% 98% 6855^(b) 1.6 21.1 6.3 28.9 10.8 27% 97% V186A^(c) 1.6 21.3 6.4 28.8 10.7 27% 97% V186M 1.6 21.4 6.4 28.7 10.6 27% 97% E194C 1.6 21.2 6.3 29.0 9.4 30% 98% L434N 1.9 22.7 7.1 28.4 12.7 18% 99% A472C 31.0 2.6 2.5 23.8 4.6 38% 99% A472S 5.3 2.8 13.9 36.5 9.1 31% 97% A510E 8.5 5.4 5.5 34.5 5.6 53% 100%  A510E 1.9 6.5 5.6 36.7 6.1 58% 98% A510I 4.3 6.8 5.4 35.2 5.4 57% 98% A510V 1.7 9.5 6.4 35.6 6.8 51% 99% L513Y 1.4 10.3 4.2 35.3 7.2 54% 99% M529L 1.9 10.4 4.2 35.2 10.9 44% 99% K578M 1.6 21.0 6.4 28.8 10.8 27% 97% Y605W 6.1 8.0 2.6 33.3 5.4 59% 97% F607N 8.4 11.4 4.1 30.5 7.1 45% 98% F607W 9.1 4.6 3.8 33.9 8.6 49% 98% N613I 4.5 7.7 6.4 35.8 14.8 29% 101%  N613M 2.7 11.0 5.3 34.6 12.1 37% 100%  N613T 1.7 10.3 4.6 35.0 7.1 53% 98% N613V 2.8 0.0 6.3 37.3 12.1 48% 92% Q616E 3.9 2.4 5.8 37.3 8.8 53% 97% K625A 1.5 21.2 6.3 29.4 9.9 29% 99% K625M 1.5 21.3 6.3 29.3 10.6 27% 99% S631T 5.4 11.4 4.6 32.0 7.6 46% 97% T635H 4.1 11.0 5.0 32.7 8.2 46% 97% T635W 13.1 8.5 4.5 29.6 7.0 42% 98% I636H 7.0 11.7 5.0 31.1 8.1 42% 98% D947G 2.4 19.1 6.1 29.8 9.9 31% 98% F951Y 4.0 1.5 9.9 38.0 15.4 28% 97% E849M 1.4 20.7 6.2 29.5 10.4 29% 98% Q1007A 1.4 19.4 6.2 30.2 10.1 31% 98% D1003G 13.8 10.7 4.6 28.3 5.4 42% 98% A1022M 1.7 20.6 6.2 29.3 12.2 24% 98% D1028L 1.6 22.1 6.6 28.9 11.6 23% 99% D1028Q 1.6 21.7 6.5 29.4 10.9 26% 99% A1057H 1.5 21.4 6.4 29.2 10.6 27% 98% N1096A 1.6 22.4 6.6 28.6 10.7 25% 98% E1132A 1.5 21.4 6.4 29.2 10.6 27% 98% E1132H 1.5 21.3 6.4 29.2 10.5 27% 98% E1132K 1.5 21.4 6.4 29.2 10.4 27% 98% E1132R 1.5 21.6 6.4 29.1 10.8 26% 99% L1212N 1.5 20.9 6.3 29.5 10.4 28% 98% T1431M 1.5 21.4 6.3 29.4 10.5 27% 99% A1442R 1.5 21.3 6.4 29.1 10.6 27% 98% Dead^(g) 79.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0% 100%  Blank^(h) 79.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0  0% 100%  Blank^(h) 80.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0% 100%  Plate 2^(a) 6855^(b) 1.4 20.1 6.4 28.2 10.0 29% 99% 6855^(b) 1.4 20.1 6.4 28.2 10.1 28% 99% 6855^(b) 1.4 20.0 6.3 28.3 10.3 28% 99% 6855^(b) 1.5 20.2 6.3 28.2 10.0 29% 100%  Y219C^(c) 1.5 20.6 6.5 27.7 10.7 25% 99% E243H 1.4 20.3 6.3 28.2 10.1 28% 100%  L373A 2.4 11.3 11.2 27.4 21.6 −7% 87% L373Q 4.0 7.5 10.7 28.4 21.5 −2% 87% L373V 2.5 11.6 11.5 27.5 21.8 −9% 88% A377I 2.9 15.5 6.6 29.3 11.3 29% 98% D425Q 1.8 15.3 5.3 30.3 9.6 39% 99% L428V 5.3 10.5 6.2 30.8 8.2 42% 98% N475F 6.1 26.8 20.5 24.9 7.2 −16%  106%  N475W 1.5 61.8 7.5 9.1 1.9 −8% 106%  L513F 1.0 10.9 4.6 33.3 7.1 55% 99% L513W 1.3 11.5 4.9 32.4 8.9 48% 98% M529N 3.5 11.6 4.8 31.6 7.6 49% 99% I608Y 2.4 15.7 5.7 29.9 9.8 35% 99% N613G 2.2 10.5 5.0 33.5 10.6 43% 101%  N613L 2.9 13.3 5.0 32.1 11.7 35% 102%  D617E 8.4 10.2 6.9 29.8 9.0 34% 99% E621T 1.5 18.6 6.0 29.1 10.4 30% 100%  I623H 69.8 0.2 1.4 3.3 0.0  4% 101%  I627W 7.7 12.2 5.2 28.9 7.9 40% 99% S631D 9.8 12.3 5.7 27.5 8.0 35% 98% S631E 10.1 12.6 5.6 27.3 8.0 35% 99% S631R 6.7 12.3 5.4 28.7 8.1 40% 97% G633W 7.0 7.2 5.5 31.9 8.5 46% 99% F634A 7.4 8.4 5.7 30.8 8.2 43% 98% T635E 1.6 17.2 6.0 29.9 9.5 35% 100%  T635I 1.5 17.4 6.2 30.5 10.1 32% 102%  T635Y 13.8 8.0 4.6 28.0 6.7 43% 99% A510E 2.5 5.9 5.5 34.8 4.3 66% 99% N904E 5.7 6.9 12.6 32.5 13.5 15% 98% K930G 1.4 19.8 6.2 28.4 10.0 30% 99% K930V 1.4 19.6 6.3 28.6 10.0 30% 100%  D947F 1.4 20.3 6.2 27.8 9.9 29% 99% D947I 1.4 19.9 6.3 28.6 10.7 27% 100%  D947K 1.4 19.9 6.2 28.6 9.7 30% 100%  D947N 1.4 20.5 6.3 27.9 10.0 28% 99% D947Q 1.4 19.5 6.2 28.4 9.6 31% 99% D947S 1.3 18.9 6.1 28.8 9.4 33% 99% D947V 1.4 19.8 6.2 28.3 9.7 30% 99% D947Y 1.4 20.7 6.3 28.1 10.0 28% 100%  Q1007S 1.3 18.3 6.1 29.1 9.6 33% 99% D1003N 3.6 13.1 5.7 30.5 9.8 38% 99% I1026H 1.4 19.4 6.2 28.7 9.7 31% 100%  D1028A 1.5 20.1 6.5 28.4 10.8 26% 100%  D1028M 1.5 20.4 6.6 28.1 11.1 24% 100%  V1037A 1.5 20.2 6.4 28.4 10.3 28% 100%  K1041A 4.3 19.6 6.5 27.0 10.7 23% 99% K1041M 1.5 20.5 6.4 28.0 10.5 26% 100%  D1080M 1.4 20.0 6.4 28.3 10.1 29% 99% F1244P 1.4 19.6 6.3 28.6 9.9 30% 100%  F1244Q 1.4 19.7 6.4 28.6 9.9 30% 100%  T1431Q 1.4 20.0 6.2 28.5 8.9 33% 100%  G1484P 1.5 20.1 6.3 28.5 9.2 31% 100%  W1437N 1.4 19.5 6.0 28.9 8.4 35% 100%  Dead^(g) 75.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0% 100%  Blank^(h) 75.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0% 100%  Blank^(h) 76.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 −2% 100%  ^(a)Glucan synthesis reactions were run in microtiter plate format (two plates). ^(b)GTF 6855, SEQ ID NO: 4. Reactions with this GTF were run in quadruplicate per plate. ^(c)Each listed GTF with a substitution is a version of GTF 6855 comprising a substitution at a respective position, where the position number is in correspondence with the residue numbering of SEQ ID NO: 62. The wild type residue is listed first (before residue position number) and the substituting residue is listed second (after the residue position number) (this “wild type residue-position number-variant residue” annotation format applies throughout the present disclosure). ^(d)Sucrose, leucrose, glucose, fructose and oligomers were measured as present in filtrate prepared post reaction. ^(e)“Oligomers”, gluco-oligosaccharides (believed to all or mostly be of DP ≤ 7 or 8). ^(f)Insoluble alpha-1,3 glucan product. ^(g)GTF with destroyed activity was entered into the reaction. ^(h)No GTF was added to the reaction. ^(i)Alpha-glucan yield based on glucosyl.

Based on the data in Table 3, it is apparent that certain single amino acid substitutions in GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) can increase this enzyme's yield of alpha-1,3-glucan and/or decrease its leucrose yield in glucan synthesis reactions, for example.

Example 2 Analysis of the Effects of Single Amino Acid Substitutions on Other Glucosyltransferases

This Example describes the effects of certain single amino acid substitutions on the activities of glucosyltransferases other than GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4). In general, it appears that substitutions corresponding to (or similar to) those observed in Example 1 having a significant effect on alpha-glucan and/or leucrose yields may be useful for imparting similar effects to different glucosyltransferases.

Phe-607-Tyr

Example 1 demonstrated, for example, that substitutions in GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) at the position corresponding to position 607 of SEQ ID NO:62 affected enzyme activity (Table 3). In particular, substitutions of the Phe residue with an Asn or Trp residue both had significant effects on alpha-1,3 glucan yield (increased) and leucrose yield (decreased) compared to the respective yields of the non-substituted enzyme.

To test whether a similar substitution could similarly affect yields in a different GTF, a substitution was made at a position in GTF 7527 (GTFJ, SEQ ID NO:65) corresponding to position 607 of SEQ ID NO:62, exchanging a Phe for a Tyr residue. GTF 7527 (SEQ ID NO:65) essentially is an N-terminally truncated (signal peptide and variable region removed) version of the full-length wild type glucosyltransferase (represented by SEQ ID NO:60) from Streptococcus salivarius (see Table 1). Substitutions made in SEQ ID NO:65 can be characterized as substituting for native amino acid residues, as each amino acid residue/position of SEQ ID NO:65 (apart from the Met-1 residue of SEQ ID NO:65) corresponds accordingly with an amino acid residue/position within SEQ ID NO:60. In reactions comprising at least sucrose and water, the glucosyltransferase of SEQ ID NO:65 typically produces alpha-glucan having about 100% alpha-1,3 linkages and a DP_(w) of 400 or greater (e.g., refer to U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,871,474 and 9,169,506, and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2017/0002336, which are incorporated herein by reference). Glucan synthesis reactions were prepared as follows using GTF 7527 (SEQ ID NO:65) or a version thereof comprising a Phe-to-Tyr substitution at the position corresponding to position 607 of SEQ ID NO:62: vessel, 250-mL indented shake flask agitated at 100 rpm; initial pH, 5.5; reaction volume, 50 mL; sucrose, 100.1 g/L; GTF, 100 U/L; KH₂PO4, 25 mM; temperature, 25° C.; time, 20 hours. The profiles of each reaction (as measured via methodology similar to that disclosed in Example 1), which were run in duplicate, are provided in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Product Profiles of GTF 7527 (SEQ ID NO: 65) and a Single Amino Acid-Substituted Variant thereof Yield Alpha- Su- Glucan^(d) Olig- crose based on Leucrose Glucose omer^(c) Fructose GTF Conv. Glucosyl Yield Yield Yield balance 7527^(a) 99.7% 29.24% 42% 4.20% 28% 105.62% 7527 99.8% 22.21% 43% 6.26% 29% 109.02% F607Y^(b) 99.8% 64.92% 16% 3.33% 15% 102.73% F607Y 99.8% 62.97% 17% 3.35% 17% 109.17% ^(a)GTF 7527, SEQ ID NO: 65. ^(b)F607Y, version of GTF 7527 (SEQ ID NO: 65) comprising a Phe-to-Tyr substitution at the position corresponding to position 607 of SEQ ID NO: 62. ^(c)“Oligomer”, gluco-oligosaccharides (believed to all or mostly be of DP ≤ 7 or 8). ^(d)“Alpha-Glucan”, insoluble alpha-1,3 glucan.

Based on the data in Table 4, it is apparent that the F607Y substitution in GTF 7527 (SEQ ID NO:65) can increase this enzyme's yield of alpha-1,3-glucan and/or decrease its leucrose yield in glucan synthesis reactions, for example.

Ala-510-Glu, Ala-510-Val, or Ala-510-Cys

Example 1 demonstrated, for example, that substitutions in GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) at the position corresponding to position 510 of SEQ ID NO:62 affected enzyme activity (Table 3). In particular, substitutions of the Ala residue with a Glu, Ile, or Val residue all had significant effects on alpha-1,3 glucan yield (increased) and leucrose yield (decreased) compared to the respective yields of the non-substituted enzyme.

To test whether these or similar substitutions could similarly affect yields in different GTFs, substitutions were made at positions in GTFs 2919 (SEQ ID NO:28), 0427 (SEQ ID NO:26), 5926 (SEQ ID NO:14), 0847 (SEQ ID NO:2), 0544 (SEQ ID NO:12), 2379 (SEQ ID NO:6), 5618 (SEQ ID NO:18), 4297 (SEQ ID NO:16), 1366 (SEQ ID NO:24), and 6907 (SEQ ID NO:36) corresponding to position 510 of SEQ ID NO:62, exchanging an Ala for a Glu, Val, or Cys residue. Each of these GTFs essentially is an N-terminally truncated (signal peptide and variable region removed) version of a full-length wild type glucosyltransferase (e.g., refer to respective GENBANK annotation information, such as that listed in Table 1). Substitutions made in each of SEQ ID NOs:28, 26, 14, 2, 12, 6, 18, 16, 24 and 36 can be characterized as substituting for native amino acid residues, as each amino acid residue/position of these sequences (apart from the Met-1 residues of each) corresponds accordingly with an amino acid residue/position within each respective full-length wild type glucosyltransferase counterpart. Table 2 lists the alpha-glucan typically produced by each of SEQ ID NOs:28, 26, 14, 2, 12, 6, 18, 16, 24 and 36 in reactions comprising at least sucrose and water.

Preparation of GTF 2919 (SEQ ID NO:28), 0427 (SEQ ID NO:26), 5926 (SEQ ID NO:14), 0847 (SEQ ID NO:2), 0544 (SEQ ID NO:12), 2379 (SEQ ID NO:6), 5618 (SEQ ID NO:18), 4297 (SEQ ID NO:16), 1366 (SEQ ID NO:24), or 6907 (SEQ ID NO:36), or versions thereof comprising a substitution at the position corresponding to position 510 of SEQ ID NO:62 was performed as follows. Codon-optimized (for E. coli) sequences encoding each of these GTFs were individually cloned into a suitable plasmid for bacterial expression. Each construct was then transformed into E. coli BL21-AI (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Transformed strains were grown in 10 mL auto-induction medium (10 g/L Tryptone, 5 g/L Yeast Extract, 5 g/L NaCl, 50 mM Na₂HPO₄, 50 mM KH₂PO₄, 25 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 3 mM MgSO₄, 0.75% glycerol, 0.075% glucose, 0.05% arabinose) containing 100 mg/L ampicillin at 37° C. for 20 hours under 200 rpm agitation. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 8000 rpm at 4° C. and resuspended in 1 mL of 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.0 with CelLytic™ Express (Sigma, St. Louise, Mo.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In addition, resuspended cells were subjected to no less than one freeze-thaw cycle to ensure cell lysis. Lysed cells were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 12,000 g at room temperature. Each resulting supernatant was analyzed by SDS-PAGE to confirm expression of the particular GTF enzyme being expressed. Each supernatant was kept on ice at 4° C. until enzyme activity could be determined (within 1 hour), and/or stored at −20° C.

Glucan synthesis reactions were prepared, and the products thereof analyzed, largely according to the disclosure of U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2014/0087431, which is incorporated herein by reference. Each reaction was run for 24-30 hours. The profiles of each reaction are provided in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Product Profiles of Various GTFs and Single Amino Acid-Substituted Variants thereof Yield Alpha- Su- Glucan Olig- crose based on Leucrose Glucose omer Fructose GTF Conv. Glucosyl Yield Yield Yield balance 2919^(a) 92% 20% 28% 15% 37% 90% A510E^(b) 98% 40% 13% 15% 31% 93% A510V^(b) 97% 45% 15% 15% 26% 84% A510C^(b) 95% 35% 19% 15% 32% 87% 0427^(a) 96% 15% 33% 11% 41% 97% A510E^(b) 96% 1.0%  40% 16% 43% 104%  A510V^(b) poor conversion A510C^(b) 96%  9% 30% 12% 50% 97% 5926^(a) 97% 12% 37% 11% 41% 93% A510E^(b) 96% 12% 40% 14% 34% 94% A510V^(b) 97% 25% 31% 14% 31% 81% A510C^(b) 97% −1% 35% 14% 52% 97% 0847^(a) 97% 18% 33% 11% 38% 92% A510E^(b) 98% 11% 35% 14% 40% 95% A510V^(b) 80% 32% 21% 16% 31% 80% A510C^(b) 97% 10% 33% 13% 44% 97% 0544^(a) 99% 37% 22%  8% 33% 86% A510E^(b) 93% 46% 21%  8% 25% 85% A510V^(b) poor conversion A510C^(b) 92% 39% 16%  9% 37% 90% 2379^(a) 95%  4% 30% 18% 48% 92% A510E^(b) 97% −2% 23% 23% 56% 93% A510V^(b) 94%  5% 20% 23% 52% 82% A510C^(b) 93% −10%  37% 21% 53% 101%  5618^(a) 99% 80% 10%  5%  5% 89% A510E^(b) 94% 82%  5%  4%  9% 93% A510V^(b) 99% 83%  7%  5%  5% 78% A510C^(b) 98% 83%  9%  4%  4% 96% 4297^(a) 97% 78% 12%  6%  4% 86% A510E^(b) 99% 84%  7%  4%  5% 83% A510V^(b) 99% 78%  8%  8%  6% 77% A510C^(b) 80% 71%  8%  9%  7% 84% 1366^(a) 97% 12% 39%  7% 43% 91% A510E^(b) 99%  9% 39% 16% 36% 89% A510V^(b) 78% 17% 28% 16% 39% 80% A510C^(b) 97%  1% 39% 12% 48% 96% 6907^(a) 85%  7% 42% 17% 34% 91% A510E^(b) 89% 14% 35% 25% 26% 94% A510V^(b) poor conversion A510C^(b) poor conversion ^(a)GTF 2919 (SEQ ID NO: 28), 0427 (SEQ ID NO: 26), 5926 (SEQ ID NO: 14), 0847 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 0544 (SEQ ID NO: 12), 2379 (SEQ ID NO: 6), 5618 (SEQ ID NO: 18), 4297 (SEQ ID NO: 16), 1366 (SEQ ID NO: 24), or 6907 (SEQ ID NO: 36). ^(b)A510E/V/C, version of listed GTF (footnote [a]) comprising a substitution with Glu, Val, or Cys at the position corresponding to position 510 of SEQ ID NO: 62. ^(c)“Oligomer”, gluco-oligosaccharides.

Based on the data in Table 5, it is apparent that some substitutions in various GTFs at the position corresponding to position 510 of SEQ ID NO:62 can increase a GTF's yield of alpha glucan and/or decrease its leucrose yield in glucan synthesis reactions, for example.

Example 3 Analysis of the Effects of Two or More Amino Acid Substitutions on Glucosyltransferase Selectivity Toward Alpha-Glucan Synthesis

This Example describes the effects of introducing multiple amino acid substitutions to a glucosyltransferase and determining their effect on enzyme selectivity toward alpha-glucan synthesis.

Briefly, certain amino acid substitutions were made to SEQ ID NO:4 (GTF 6855, see Table 1 and Example 1 for description of this glucosyltransferase). These substitutions are listed in Table 6 below. Each variant enzyme was entered into a glucan synthesis reaction with parameters that were the same as, or similar to, the following: vessel, 250-mL indented shake flask agitated at 120 rpm; initial pH, 5.7; reaction volume, 50 mL; sucrose, 75 g/L; GTF, 1.5 mL lysate of E. coli cells heterologously expressing enzyme; KH₂PO₄, 20 mM; temperature, 30° C.; time, about 20-24 hours. The alpha-1,3 glucan yield of each reaction (as measured via methodology similar to that disclosed in Example 1) is provided in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Alpha-1,3 Glucan Yields of GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO: 4) Variants with Multiple Amino Acid Substitutions Alpha-1,3 GTF^(a) Glucan^(b) Yield^(c) A510D/F607Y/R741S 72.6% A510D/F607Y/N743S 79.2% A510D/F607Y/D948G 88.2% A510D/R741S/D948G 74.5% A510D/F607Y/R741S/D948G 82.8% A510E/F607Y/R741S/R1172C 78.2% A510D/F607Y/D820G/D948G 87.8% A510D/F607Y/D948G/R1172C 88.6% A510D/F607Y/N743S/D948G/R1172C 89.4% A510D/F607Y/R741S/L784Q/F929L/R1172C 79.3% ^(a)Each listed GTF is a version of GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO: 4) comprising substitutions at respective positions, where each position number is in correspondence with the residue numbering of SEQ ID NO: 62. ^(b)Insoluble alpha-1,3 glucan product. ^(c)Alpha-1,3-glucan yield based on glucosyl.

Based on the data in Table 6, it is apparent that introduction of multiple amino acid substitutions to GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) can increase this enzyme's yield of alpha-1,3-glucan; for example, compare these yields to those of GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) without substitutions shown in Table 3. Each of the variant GTF enzymes listed in Table 6 also exhibited significant reductions in yields of leucrose, glucose and gluco-oligomers (data not shown).

It is apparent, for example, that a GTF with multiple substitutions such as at positions corresponding to positions 510 and/or 607 of SEQ ID NO:62 can increase a GTF's yield of alpha glucan.

Example 4 Analysis of the Effects of Additional Amino Acid Substitution Combinations on Glucosyltransferase Selectivity Toward Alpha-Glucan Synthesis

This Example describes the effects of introducing multiple amino acid substitutions to a glucosyltransferase and determining their effect on enzyme selectivity toward alpha-glucan synthesis. While this analysis supplements the analysis disclosed above in Example 3, it is interesting to note that several of the additional amino acid substitution combinations provide modified glucosyltransferases with even higher alpha-1,3-glucan yields.

Briefly, certain combinations of amino acid substitutions were made to SEQ ID NO:4 (GTF 6855, see Table 1 and Example 1 for description of this glucosyltransferase) by site-directed mutagenesis of appropriate DNA templates contained in a plasmid. The plasmid sequences encoding each modified glucosyltransferase were individually sequenced to confirm the intended codon changes. Each combination of substitutions is listed in Table 7 below.

Expression plasmids encoding the modified glucosyltransferases were individually used to transform a B. subtilis strain containing nine protease deletions (amyE::xylRPxylAcomK-ermC, degUHy32, oppA, ΔspollE3501, ΔaprE, ΔnprE, Δepr, ΔispA, Δbpr, Δvpr, ΔwprA, Δmpr-ybfJ, ΔnprB). Transformed cells were spread onto LB plates supplemented with 5 μg/mL chloramphenicol. Colonies growing on these plates were streaked several times onto LB plates with 25 μg/mL chloramphenicol. Each resulting Bacillus strain for expressing a particular variant glucosyltransferase was then grown for 6-8 hours in LB medium containing 25 μg/mL chloramphenicol, and then subcultured into Grants II medium at 30° C. for 2-3 days. The cultures were spun at 15000 g for 30 minutes at 4° C., and the supernatants were filtered through 0.22-μm filters. The filtered supernatants, each of which contained an expressed secreted variant glucosyltransferase, were aliquoted and frozen at −80° C., and later used (below) for analyzing alpha-1,3-glucan synthesis activity.

The same amount of each variant enzyme, activity-wise, was entered into a glucan synthesis reaction with parameters that were the same as, or similar to, the following: vessel, 500-mL jacketed reactor with Teflon®-pitched blade turbine (45-degree angle) on a glass stir rod and agitated at 50-200 rpm; initial pH, 5.5; reaction volume, 500 mL; sucrose, 108 g/L; KH₂PO₄, 1 mM; temperature, 39° C.; time, about 18-24 hours; filtrate from a previous alpha-1,3-glucan synthesis reaction, 50 vol %. The alpha-1,3 glucan yield of each reaction (as measured via methodology similar to that disclosed in Example 1) is provided in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Alpha-1,3 Glucan Yields of GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO: 4) Variants with Multiple Amino Acid Substitutions Alpha-1,3- Glucan^(b) GTF^(a) Yield^(c) A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G R722H T877K M1253I K1277N 88% A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G R722H T877K V1188E M1253I Q957P 92% A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G T877K V1188E M1253I Q957P 91% A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G M1253I 89% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G 91% Q588L F607Y R741S D948G 91% A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G N628D T635A T877K M1253I F929L R1172C 92% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G S631T S710G R722H T877K V1188E M1253I 94% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G S631T S710G R722H T877K V1188E 93% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G S631T S710G T877K V1188E M1253I 96% A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G 89% A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G V1188E 88% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G S631T S710G V1188E 96% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G S710G R722H T877K M1253I 96% A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G S631T R722H T877K V1188E M1253I 96% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G S631T T877K V1188E M1253I 94% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G S631T V1188E 98% A510D Q588L F607Y R741S D948G S631T R722H T877K V1188E M1253I 95% A510D Q588L F607W R741S D948G V1188E M1253I 93% ^(a)Each listed GTF is a version of GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO: 4) comprising substitutions at respective positions, where each position number is in correspondence with the residue numbering of SEQ ID NO: 62. ^(b)Insoluble alpha-1,3 glucan product. ^(c)Alpha-1,3-glucan yield based on glucosyl.

Based on the data in Table 7, it is further apparent that introduction of multiple amino acid substitutions to GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) can increase this enzyme's yield of alpha-1,3-glucan; for example, compare these yields to those of GTF 6855 (SEQ ID NO:4) without substitutions shown in Table 3. Each of the variant GTF enzymes listed in Table 7 also exhibited significant reductions in yields of leucrose, glucose and gluco-oligomers (data not shown).

It is apparent, for example, that a GTF with multiple substitutions, including those at positions corresponding to positions 588, 607 and 741 of SEQ ID NO:62, can increase a GTF's yield of alpha glucan. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-native glucosyltransferase comprising at least two amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607, or Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62, wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase synthesizes insoluble alpha-glucan comprising 1,3-linkages, and wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase has: (i) an insoluble alpha-glucan yield that is higher than the insoluble alpha-glucan yield of a second glucosyltransferase that only differs from the non-native glucosyltransferase at the substitution positions, and/or (ii) a leucrose yield that is lower than the leucrose yield of the second glucosyltransferase; wherein the non-native glucosyltransferase comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4 or the amino acid sequence of residues 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65.
 2. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, wherein the glucosyltransferase comprises amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding with amino acid residues Gln-588, Phe-607 and Arg-741 of SEQ ID NO:62.
 3. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, wherein: (i) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Gln-588 is with a Leu, Ala, or Val residue; (ii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Phe-607 is with a Trp, Tyr, or Asn residue; and/or (iii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Arg-741 is with a Ser or Thr residue.
 4. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, wherein the glucosyltransferase further comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Ala-510 and/or Asp-948 of SEQ ID NO:62.
 5. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, wherein the glucosyltransferase further comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Ser-631, Ser-710, Arg-722, and/or Thr-877 of SEQ ID NO:62.
 6. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, wherein the glucosyltransferase further comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position corresponding with amino acid residue Val-1188, Met-1253, and/or Gln-957 of SEQ ID NO:62.
 7. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, wherein the insoluble alpha-glucan comprises at least 50% alpha-1,3 linkages.
 8. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 92% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4 or the amino acid sequence of residues 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65.
 9. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65.
 10. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 7, wherein the insoluble alpha-glucan comprises at least 90% alpha-1,3 linkages.
 11. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, wherein the insoluble alpha-glucan yield is at least 10% higher than the insoluble alpha-glucan yield of the second glucosyltransferase.
 12. A reaction composition comprising water, sucrose, and the non-native glucosyltransferase of claim
 1. 13. A method of producing insoluble alpha-glucan comprising: contacting at least water, sucrose, and the non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 1, whereby insoluble alpha-glucan is produced.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises isolating the insoluble alpha-glucan.
 15. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 4, wherein: (i) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Ala-510 is with an Asp, Glu, Ile, or Val residue; and/or (ii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Asp-948 is with a Gly, Val, or Ala residue.
 16. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 5, wherein: (i) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Ser-631 is with a Thr, Asp, Glu, or Arg residue; (ii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Ser-710 is with a Gly, Ala, or Val residue; (iii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Arg-722 is with a His or Lys residue; and/or (iv) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Thr-877 is with a Lys, His, or Arg residue.
 17. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 6, wherein: (i) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Val-1188 is with a Glu or Asp residue; (ii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Met-1253 is with an Ile, Leu, Ala, or Val residue; and/or (iii) the amino acid substitution at the position corresponding with amino acid residue Gln-957 is with a Pro residue.
 18. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 8, comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4 or the amino acid sequence of residues 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65.
 19. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 18, comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 97% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of residues 55-960 of SEQ ID NO:4 or the amino acid sequence of residues 54-957 of SEQ ID NO:65.
 20. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 9, comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 92% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65.
 21. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 20, comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65.
 22. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 20, comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 97% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65.
 23. The non-native glucosyltransferase of claim 7, wherein the insoluble alpha-glucan has a weight average degree of polymerization (DP_(w)) of at least
 100. 